ma

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See also: Appendix:Variations of "ma"

English[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Noun[edit]

ma (plural mas)

  1. (astronomy, usually in the plural) Abbreviation of milli-arcsecond.

Etymology 2[edit]

The sound, which parents interpret as a reference to themselves, is very commonly made by infants.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /mɑː/
  • Audio (US)(file)
  • Rhymes: -ɑː

Noun[edit]

ma (plural mas, not generally used in the plural)

  1. (colloquial, and in direct address) mother, mama
  2. (colloquial) The landlady of a theater.
    • 1949, Shaw Desmond, The Edwardian Story, page 322:
      […] that dear little man writing in the guestbook of the "Ma" or theatrical landlady […]
Usage notes[edit]
  • Often capitalized when used to refer to a specific person.
    Hey, Ma, I’d like you to meet my friend Jamie.
Synonyms[edit]
terms synonymous with "ma"
Translations[edit]
References[edit]
  • (landlady of a theater): 1984, Jonathon Green, Newspeak.

See also[edit]

Etymology 3[edit]

Abbreviation.

Noun[edit]

ma

  1. May
Usage notes[edit]
  • Usually capitalised as Ma.

Etymology 4[edit]

From my.

Determiner[edit]

ma

  1. (dialectal, informal) Alternative spelling of my

Etymology 5[edit]

From Chinese 嘛 (ma, “of course!”).[1]

Particle[edit]

ma (Manglish, Singlish)

  1. Alternative form of mah
    • 1998 April 24, viken, “tcs shows”, in sg.rec.tv (Usenet):
      Singlish is acceptable in Singapore mah
    • 2015 April 17, Jalelah Abu Baker, “What's the difference between 'lah' and 'lor': Poet Gwee Li Sui's take on nuances of Singlish goes viral”, in The Straits Times‎[1]:
      I dun have mah.
    • 2017 April 30, Wong Kim Hoh, “It Changed My Life: Migrant worker goes from painting condos to boss of own company”, in The Straits Times‎[2]:
      "I was already 32, so must get married mah," he says, using the Singlish word often used to express something which is obvious.

References[edit]

  1. ^ Lee, Jack Tsen-Ta (2004) “mah”, in A Dictionary of Singlish and Singapore English

Anagrams[edit]

'Are'are[edit]

Conjunction[edit]

ma

  1. and

References[edit]

Acehnese[edit]

Noun[edit]

ma

  1. mother

References[edit]

Afar[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Afroasiatic *ma, *mi-.

Pronunciation[edit]

Determiner[edit]

má (bound form maa-)

  1. what? what kind of?

Derived terms[edit]

Related terms[edit]

References[edit]

  • E. M. Parker, R. J. Hayward (1985) “ma”, in An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN

Afrikaans[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

ma (plural ma's)

  1. mom, mother

Synonyms[edit]

Antonyms[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

Ajië[edit]

Conjunction[edit]

ma

  1. and

References[edit]

Akkadian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Unknown

Pronunciation[edit]

Particle[edit]

ma

  1. (enclitic) and, but
  2. (enclitic) used to stress single words, especially the predicate of nominal clauses
    𒌓𒈠𒈠 [ūmamma] ― u₄-ma-ma ― this very day

Alternative forms[edit]

Cuneiform spellings
Phonetic

References[edit]

Alemannic German[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle High German man, from Old High German man, from Proto-Germanic *mann-.

Noun[edit]

ma m (Gressoney, Issime)

  1. man
  2. husband

References[edit]

Anaang[edit]

Verb[edit]

má

  1. to love

Further reading[edit]

  • Cristiane Benjamin Santos, Aspectos morfossintáticos dos pronomes pessoais em Anaan (2007)
  • Bruce Connell, Lower Cross Wordlist

Anguthimri[edit]

Noun[edit]

ma

  1. (Mpakwithi) man

Verb[edit]

ma

  1. (transitive, Mpakwithi) to hear
  2. (transitive, Mpakwithi) to listen

References[edit]

  • Terry Crowley, The Mpakwithi dialect of Anguthimri (1981), page 187

Aromanian[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Latin magis. Compare Romanian mai.

Adverb[edit]

ma

  1. more

Etymology 2[edit]

From Italian ma.

Conjunction[edit]

ma

  1. but, yet
  2. if

Asturian[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Etymology[edit]

See madre

Noun[edit]

ma f (plural mas)

  1. mother
    Synonym: madre

Bambara[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

ma

  1. sea cow

Etymology 2[edit]

Verb[edit]

ma (auxiliary)

  1. (verbal auxiliary) marks an action which is not accomplished
    A ma na fɔlɔ
    He has not come yet
    Sirajɛ ma taa dɔgɔ la
    Siraje did not go to the market

References[edit]

Bavarian[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Unstressed form of mia

Pronoun[edit]

ma

  1. me (dative)
  2. we

See also[edit]

Bavarian personal pronouns
nominative accusative dative
stressed unstressed stressed unstressed stressed unstressed
1st person singular i — mi — mia (mir) ma
2nd person singular
(informal) 		du — di — dia (dir) da
2nd person singular
(formal) 		Sie — Eahna — Eahna —
3rd person singular m er a eahm 'n eahm 'n
n es, des 's des 's
f se, de 's se 's ihr —
1st person plural mia (mir) ma uns — uns —
2nd person plural eß, ihr — enk, eich — enk, eich —
3rd person plural se 's eahna — eahna —

Etymology 2[edit]

From Middle High German man, from Old High German man, from Proto-West Germanic *mann, from Proto-Germanic *mann- (“person”). Compare German man and Dutch men.

Pronoun[edit]

ma

  1. one, you (indefinite pronoun; construed as a third-person singular)
    Ma waß nia, wås an erwoat. ― You never know what to expect.
  2. they, people (people in general)
    Des sågt ma hoid a so. ― That's just the way people say it.
  3. they (some unspecified group of people)

Big Nambas[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

ma

  1. come
    aparvr ti aparma paua, patrahr = If they both come the day after tomorrow, wait for them.

References[edit]

Breton[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

ma

  1. my

Interjection[edit]

ma

  1. good!

Conjunction[edit]

ma

  1. that
  2. if

Synonyms[edit]

Cameroon Pidgin[edit]

Determiner[edit]

ma

  1. Alternative spelling of my (“1st person singular possessive determiner”)

Caolan[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

Noun[edit]

ma

  1. horse

Catalan[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Vulgar Latin *mam, reduced form of Latin meam.

Pronunciation[edit]

Determiner[edit]

ma

  1. feminine singular of mon

Chamorro[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

ma

  1. they

Usage notes[edit]

See also[edit]

Chamorro personal pronouns
hu-type pronouns
singular plural inclusive plural exclusive
1st person hu ta in
2nd person un en
3rd person ha ma
yoʼ-type pronouns
singular plural inclusive plural exclusive
1st person yoʼ hit ham
2nd person hao hamyo
3rd person gueʼ siha
emphatic pronouns
singular plural inclusive plural exclusive
1st person guahu hita hami
2nd person hagu hamyo
3rd person guiya siha

References[edit]

  • Donald M. Topping (1973) Chamorro Reference Grammar‎[3], Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

Cimbrian[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Middle High German māne, from Old High German māno, from Proto-West Germanic *mānō, from Proto-Germanic *mēnô (“moon”).

Noun[edit]

ma m

  1. (Tredici Comuni) moon
Alternative forms[edit]

References[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

An unstressed pronunciation of månn (“man”).

Pronoun[edit]

ma

  1. (Luserna) one, you (indefinite pronoun)

References[edit]

Coatepec Nahuatl[edit]

Noun[edit]

ma

  1. hand.

Dama (Sierra Leone)[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Related to widespread words for "mother" and related respectful terms for women across West Africa.

Noun[edit]

ma

  1. mother-in-law

References[edit]

  • Dalby, T. D. P. (1963) “The extinct language of Dama”, in Sierra Leone Language Review, volume 2, Freetown: Fourah Bay College, pages 50–54

Dorze[edit]

Noun[edit]

ma

  1. bee (insect)

Dutch[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

ma f (plural ma's, diminutive maatje n)

  1. (informal) mother

Synonyms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

  • Negerhollands: maa

See also[edit]

Efik[edit]

Verb[edit]

má

  1. love, like

Further reading[edit]

Estonian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Abbreviation of mina, from Proto-Finnic *minä, from Proto-Uralic *minä.

Pronunciation[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

ma (genitive mu, partitive mind, long form mina)

  1. I (1st person singular personal pronoun)

Usage notes[edit]

  • Used unstressed in a sentence; when the pronoun is stressed, mina is used.

Declension[edit]

Declension of ma
1st person singular plural
long short long short
nominative mina ma meie me
genitive minu mu meie me
partitive mind meid
illative minusse musse meisse
inessive minus mus meis
elative minust must meist
allative minule mulle meile
adessive minul mul meil
ablative minult mult meilt
translative minuks – meieks meiks
terminative minuni – meieni –
essive minuna – meiena –
abessive minuta – meieta –
comitative minuga muga meiega –

See also[edit]

Estonian personal pronouns
singular plural
long short long short
1st person mina ma meie me
2nd person familiar sina sa teie te
polite Teie Te
3rd person animate tema ta nemad nad
inanimate see need

Further reading[edit]

  • “ma”, in [EKSS] Eesti keele seletav sõnaraamat [Descriptive Dictionary of the Estonian Language] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2009
  • “ma”, in [ÕS] Eesti õigekeelsussõnaraamat ÕS 2018 [Estonian Spelling Dictionary] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2018, →ISBN
  • ma in Sõnaveeb (Eesti Keele Instituut)

Finnish[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /ˈmɑ/, [ˈmɑ̝]
  • Rhymes: -ɑ
  • Syllabification(key): ma

Etymology 1[edit]

From maanantai.

Noun[edit]

ma

  1. Abbreviation of maanantai (“Monday”).

Further reading[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

See minä. Compare Estonian ma.

Pronoun[edit]

ma (poetic, archaic)

  1. (personal) I
Synonyms[edit]

French[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Old French ma, from Latin mea.

Pronunciation[edit]

Determiner[edit]

ma f

  1. feminine singular of mon
    Ma mère est venue me voir.
    My mother came to see me.

Related terms[edit]

Possessee
Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine
Possessor Singular First person mon1 ma mes
Second person ton1 ta tes
Third person son1 sa ses
Plural First person notre nos
Second person votre2 vos2
Third person leur leurs
1 Also used before feminine adjectives and nouns beginning with a vowel or mute h.
2 Also used as the polite singular form.

Descendants[edit]

  • Louisiana Creole: mâ

Further reading[edit]

Friulian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Latin magis.

Conjunction[edit]

ma

  1. but

German[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Adverb[edit]

ma

  1. (colloquial) Pronunciation spelling of mal.

Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

ma

  1. 2nd-person singular pronoun: you
  2. 2nd-person plural pronoun: you
  3. 2nd-person singular possessive pronoun: your
  4. 2nd-person plural possessive pronoun: your

See also[edit]

Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai personal pronouns
singular plural
1st person nya nya, nyáji
2nd person ma ma, máji
3rd person nyihá, nyithá nyihá, nyiháji

Hawaiian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation[edit]

Preposition[edit]

ma

  1. in, at

Hungarian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Probably related to más.

Pronunciation[edit]

Adverb[edit]

ma

  1. today
    Synonym: (folksy) máma
    Coordinate terms: holnap, tegnap
    • 1975, Imre Kertész, translated by Tim Wilkinson, Sorstalanság, Budapest: Magvető Könyvkiadó (2016), →ISBN, page 5:
      Ma nem mentem iskolába. Azaz mentem, de csak, hogy hazakéredzkedjem az osztályfőnökömtől.
      I didn’t go to school today. Or rather, I did go, but only to ask my class teacher’s permission to take the day off.
  2. (attributively, before any time of day) this …… (morning etc.), to-…… (as in “tonight”)
    ma reggel/délelőtt ― this morning
    ma délután ― this afternoon
    ma este ― this evening
    ma éjjel/éjszaka ― tonight
    ma hajnalban, délben, éjfélkor ― at dawn, noon, midnight today

Noun[edit]

ma (usually uncountable, plural mák)

  2. (usually preceded by the definite article “a”) today (the present time period; nowadays)

Declension[edit]

The suffixed singular forms máig, mára, mához, máról, and mától are common, while mát, mának, mával, máért, mában, mánál, mába, and mából occur mostly in a figurative sense, referring to the present time. The phrase a mai nap is commonly used in its literal sense, adding suffixes to nap instead of this term. Its plural forms are virtually non-existent.

Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, back harmony)
singular plural
nominative ma —
accusative mát —
dative mának —
instrumental mával —
causal-final máért —
translative mává —
terminative máig —
essive-formal maként —
essive-modal — —
inessive mában —
superessive mán —
adessive mánál —
illative mába —
sublative mára —
allative mához —
elative mából —
delative máról —
ablative mától —
non-attributive
possessive - singular 		máé —
non-attributive
possessive - plural 		máéi —

Its (single- and multiple-possession) possessive forms are hardly if ever used.

Possessive forms of ma
possessor single possession multiple possessions
1st person sing. mám —
2nd person sing. mád —
3rd person sing. mája —
1st person plural mánk —
2nd person plural mátok —
3rd person plural májuk —

Derived terms[edit]

Expressions

Related terms[edit]

Further reading[edit]

Ido[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from French mais, Italian ma, Portuguese and Spanish mas, all from Latin magis, from Proto-Indo-European *méǵh₂s.

Pronunciation[edit]

Conjunction[edit]

ma

  1. but

Synonyms[edit]

Interlingua[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Italian ma.

Conjunction[edit]

ma

  1. but

Istriot[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Latin magis.

Conjunction[edit]

ma

  1. but
    • 1877, Antonio Ive, Canti popolari istriani: raccolti a Rovigno, volume 5, Ermanno Loescher, page 68:
      Ma sulo i tuoi bai uoci, anema meîa,
      But only your beautiful eyes, oh soul of mine

Italian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Latin magis.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /ˈma/*, /ˈma/
  • Rhymes: -a
  • Hyphenation: mà

Conjunction[edit]

ma

  1. but

See also[edit]

Noun[edit]

ma f

  1. Abbreviation of mamma.

Interjection[edit]

ma

  1. (informal, emphatic) indicates emotion or emphasis
    Ma che carino! ― Oh, how cute!
  2. (informal) used to introduce a new topic or a question
    Ma...tu sei di Roma? ― So...you're from Rome?

Further reading[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Romanization[edit]

ma

  1. Rōmaji transcription of ま
  2. Rōmaji transcription of マ

Jarawa[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Cognate to Önge mi (“I; me”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

ma

  1. me; us (singular and plural first-person pronoun in the accusative case)

Usage notes[edit]

The pronoun mi can also be used in the accusative case, but it is less common than ma. When used in possessive constructions, the choice of pronoun is largely determined by vowel harmony.

See also[edit]

Jarawa pronouns
Person Default form Accusative form Prefixed form
1st mi ma m-
2nd ŋi ŋa ŋ-
ni na n-
ən ən-
3rd hi, əhi hiwa h-, hi-, ih-, he-, əh-
ən (for generic third-person)

References[edit]

  • Kumar, Pramod (2012) Descriptive and Typological Study of Jarawa[5] (PhD). Jawaharlal Nehru University. Page 76—85.

Kabyle[edit]

Conjunction[edit]

ma

  1. if

Kavalan[edit]

Adverb[edit]

ma

  1. only

Noun[edit]

ma

  1. daddy; father (term of address)

Keoru-Ahia[edit]

Noun[edit]

ma

  1. water

References[edit]

Kikuyu[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

As for Tonal Class, Benson (1964) classifies this term into Class 3 with a monosyllabic stem, together with rũkũ, and so on.

Noun[edit]

ma

  1. truth[2]

Adverb[edit]

ma

  1. truly[2]

Etymology 2[edit]

Particle[edit]

ma

  1. (for class 6) of
    maguta ma mbarĩki
    castor oil
    (literally, “oil of castor bean(s)”)

References[edit]

  1. ^ Yukawa, Yasutoshi (1981). "A Tentative Tonal Analysis of Kikuyu Nouns: A Study of Limuru Dialect." In Journal of Asian and African Studies, No. 22, 75–123.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 “ma” in Benson, T.G. (1964). Kikuyu-English dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Ladino[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Old Spanish mas, from Latin magis.

Conjunction[edit]

ma (Latin spelling)

  1. but
    Synonym: ama
    • 1979 July, Moshe Shaul, “Istoria i Dezvelopamiento del Djudeo-Espaniol”, in Aki Yerushalayim‎[6], archived from the original on 3 December 2020, page 11:
      La primera de eyas es ke el djudeo-espaniol kontiene un grande numero de arkaizmos o sea, palavras ke eran empleadas en Espania asta el siglo XV ma ke dezparesieron dezde entonses de su vokabulario, mientres ke en el djudeo-espaniol kontinuan a existir asta oy.
      The first of them is that Judeo-Spanish contains a large number of archaisms, or rather, words that were used in Spain until the 15th century but which disappeared after then from its vocabulary, while in Judeo-Spanish they continue to be used to this day.
    • 2020 January 29, Metin Delevi, “El 27 de Enero es el dia de memoria de las viktimas del Nazismo, del Olokosto…”, in Şalom‎[7]:
      Devemos de saver ke el antisemitizmo es una de las formas ekstremas del rasizmo ma ay otras formas de rasizmo i devemos de luchar kon todo modo forma del rasizmo.
      We must know that antisemitism is one of the extreme forms of racism, but there are other forms of racism and we must fight every form of racism.
  2. why

Lala (South Africa)[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Bantu *-jɪ́ma.

Verb[edit]

-má

  1. to stand

Lhao Vo[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Cognate with Lashi muì and Burmese အမွေ (a.mwe).

Noun[edit]

ma

  1. inheritance
  2. heirloom

References[edit]

  • Dr. Ola Hanson, A Dictionary of the Kachin Language (1906).

Ligurian[edit]

Conjunction[edit]

ma

  1. but

Livonian[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Shorter form of minā.

Pronoun[edit]

ma

  1. I; first person pronoun, referring to the speaker

Declension[edit]

Declension of ma
singular (ikšlug) plural (pǟgiņlug)
nominative (nominatīv) minā
ma 		mēg
meg
genitive (genitīv) min mäd
partitive (partitīv) mīnda mēḑi
dative (datīv) minnõn
min 		mäddõn
män
instrumental (instrumentāl) minkõks mädkõks
illative (illatīv) minnõ
minnõz 		mēži
inessive (inesīv) minsõ mēši
elative (elatīv) minstõ mēšti

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Renāte Blumberga, Tapio Mäkeläinen, Karl Pajusalu (2013), Lībieši: vēsture, valoda un kultūra, Rīga: Līvõ Kultūr sidām, →ISBN

Lower Sorbian[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

ma

  1. third-person singular present of měś

Maltese[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Arabic مَا (mā, “not”).

Adverb[edit]

ma

  1. not; used to negate verbs and pronominal adverbs
    Illum ma nixrobx.
    I do not drink today.
    Qatt ma nixrob.
    I never drink. / I do not ever drink.
Usage notes[edit]
  • Generally used together with the negative ending -x attached to the verb or pronominal adverb. This ending is absent, however, when another negative word is used, such as qatt (“never”), ebda (“no, none”), ħadd (“nobody”), xejn (“nothing”).

Etymology 2[edit]

From Arabic مَا (mā, “what”).

Pronoun[edit]

ma

  1. (relative) Alternative form of li (“who, which, that”), used in some fossiled expressions
    L-ewwel ma tiekol, l-għajn.
    You eat with your eyes first.
    (literally, “The first that eats is the eye.”)
  2. (obsolete, with comparative adjective) how (as in “how beautiful is...”)
    Synonym: kemm
    • ca. 1760, G.P.F. Agius de Soldanis, Discorso tra due contadini sopra le nuove correnti:
      Rait e Sultana, u makbar u mesbahh ma hi, ma t challi hhasra, ghaliesc i enghat li t-arga mnein giet.
      Rajt is-Sultana. U ma akbar u ma isbaħ ma hi! Imma tħalli ħasra, għaliex jingħad li terġa’ mnejn ġiet.
      I saw the Sultana [a captured Turkish ship]. And how big and how beautiful she is! But is a pity, because they say she will go back to where she came from.
Derived terms[edit]

Mandarin[edit]

Romanization[edit]

ma (ma5／ma0, Zhuyin ˙ㄇㄚ)

  1. Hanyu Pinyin reading of 么
  2. Hanyu Pinyin reading of 嗎／吗
  3. Hanyu Pinyin reading of 嘛
  4. Hanyu Pinyin reading of 㕰

ma

  1. Nonstandard spelling of mā.
  2. Nonstandard spelling of má.
  3. Nonstandard spelling of mǎ.
  4. Nonstandard spelling of mà.

Usage notes[edit]

  • Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

Maonan[edit]

Noun[edit]

ma

  1. dog

Maricopa[edit]

Noun[edit]

ma

  1. milk

Mbyá Guaraní[edit]

Adverb[edit]

ma

  1. already

Particle[edit]

ma

  1. separates the topic from the rest of the sentence.
    Oja ma haku.
    As for the pan, it is hot.

Middle English[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

ma

  1. Alternative form of man (“one, you”)

Mursi[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Cognate with Suri ma.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /mà/, [mà]
  • Hyphenation: ma

Noun[edit]

ma (Ethiopic script ማ)

  1. water
  2. river

References[edit]

  • David Turton, Moges Yigezu, Olisarali Olibui (2008) “ma”, in Mursi-English-Amharic dictionary, →ISBN, page 117
  • Firew Girma Worku (2020) A grammar of Mursi, page 123

Neapolitan[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Latin magis. Compare Italian ma, French mais.

Conjunction[edit]

ma

  1. but

Nefamese[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Assamese মা (ma), Early Assamese মাৱ (mawo), from Prakrit 𑀫𑀸𑀬𑀸 (māyā), from Sanskrit माता (mātā).

Noun[edit]

ma

  1. mother, mom

Nigerian Pidgin[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From English my.

Determiner[edit]

ma (with tonal diacritic: má)

  1. my

North Frisian[edit]

Preposition[edit]

ma

  1. (Mooring) with

Northern Ndebele[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Bantu *-jɪ́ma.

Verb[edit]

-má

  1. to stand

Inflection[edit]

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Old Czech[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Derived from the 1st person dual suffix -ma, which itself is a neologism, found in 15th century texts, derived from the 1st person dual suffix -va under the influence of the 1st person plural suffices -m/-me/-my. There aren't many attestations of this pronoun.

Pronunciation[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

ma

  1. (rare) we two (first person dual)
    Synonyms: vě, va

Declension[edit]

Declension of the personal pronouns
Singular 1st person 2nd person Reflexive
Nominative jáz, já ty —
Genitive mne, mě tebe, tě sebe, sě
Dative mně, mi tobě, ti sobě, si
Accusative mě, mne tě, tebe sě, sebe
Locative mně tobě sobě
Instrumental mnú tobú, tebú sobú, sebú
Possessive mój tvój svój
Dual 1st person 2nd person Reflexive
Nominative vě, va, ma vy —
Genitive najú vajú sebe, sě
Dative náma váma sobě, si
Accusative ny, najú vy, vajú sě, sebe
Locative najú vajú sobě
Instrumental náma váma sobú, sebú
Possessive náš, najú váš, vajú svój
Plural 1st person 2nd person Reflexive
Nominative my vy —
Genitive nás vás sebe, sě
Dative nám, nem vám, vem sobě, si
Accusative ny, nás vy, vás sě, sebe
Locative nás vás sobě
Instrumental námi vámi sobú, sebú
Possessive náš váš svój

References[edit]

Old English[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Germanic *maiz. Cognate with Old Frisian mā, Old Saxon mēr, Old Dutch mēr, Old High German mēr, Old Norse meir, Gothic 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 (mais).

Pronunciation[edit]

Adverb[edit]

mā

  1. more
    • late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' Metres of Boethius, lines 85-89
      Mid þȳ is ġetācnod þæt his trēowa sceal, and his mōdġeþonc, mā up þonne niþer habban tō heofonum.
      By that is betokened, that his trust shall, and his mind, more upwards than downwards aspire to the heavens.
    • The Life of Saint Margaret
      Sēo hāliġe fǣmne him andswarode and cwæþ, "Nis mē ālīefed þæt iċ þē tō seċġe, for þon þū neart nā wierðe mīne stefne tō ġehīerenne. Godes bebodu iċ wille ġehīeran and ġecȳðan. And þū, dēofol, ādumba nū, for þon þe iċ nylle nān word mā of þīnum mūðe ġehīeran."
      The holy virgin answered him and said, "I’m not allowed to tell you, because you don't deserve to hear my voice. God's commandments are what I want to hear and impart. And you, demon, be quiet now, because I don't want to hear one more word out of your mouth."
  2. further
    • late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
      Nū ðū þæt swā openlīce onġiten hæfst, ne þearfe ic nū nauht swīþe ymbe þ swincan þæt ic þē mā be gode recce.
      Since thou hast so clearly understood this, I need not now greatly labour in order that I may instruct thee further concerning good;...
  3. instead, rather

Adjective[edit]

mā (indeclinable)

  1. more (often + genitive)
    • late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Maur, Abbot"
      Þā ġecwæð sē abbod and ealle þā ġebrōðra þæt þēr ne mihte nā mā muneca wunian...
      Then said the abbot and all the brothers, that no more monks could dwell there...

Usage notes[edit]

The expected comparative and superlative forms of mā, māra and mǣst, occur, but are traditionally considered to be suppletive forms of miċel instead.

Old French[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Latin mea.

Determiner[edit]

ma f (masculine mon, plural mes)

  1. my (first-person singular possessive)

Descendants[edit]

  • French: ma

Old Frisian[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

ma

  1. one

Old Irish[edit]

Conjunction[edit]

ma

  1. Alternative spelling of má

Omaha-Ponca[edit]

Noun[edit]

ma

  1. snow

References[edit]

Opao[edit]

Noun[edit]

ma

  1. water

References[edit]

Orokolo[edit]

Noun[edit]

ma

  1. water

References[edit]

Phalura[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Sanskrit म (ma, “1sg (base of oblique cases)”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

ma (personal, Perso-Arabic spelling مہ)

  1. I (1sg nom, subject), me (1sg direct object)

Alternative forms[edit]

  • máa- (Forming one phonological word with following postposition or clitic, e.g. máathe 'me, to me' with the 'to'.)

References[edit]

  • Liljegren, Henrik, Haider, Naseem (2011) Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎[8], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN
  • Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “ma”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press

Pipil[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Particle[edit]

mā

  1. Subjunctive marker
    Nechilwijket ma nikinkwepili musta
    They told me to return it to them tomorrow
    Tikajkawat ma seseya pal tikwat
    We leave it to cool down so we can eat it
  2. Clipping of maka. (Negative imperative marker)
    Ma shina kiuni!
    Don't say that!

Usage notes[edit]

  • The particle ma helps disambiguating many of the subjunctive forms from the present indicative or imperative forms.

Verb[edit]

-má

  1. Clipping of -maka.

Pitjantjatjara[edit]

Adverb[edit]

ma

  1. away

Pohnpeian[edit]

Conjunction[edit]

ma

  1. if

Polish[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Verb[edit]

ma

  1. third-person singular present indicative of mieć
    Andrzej ma 18 lat. ― Andrzej is 18 years old.

Etymology 2[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

ma

  1. (literary) Alternative form of moja.

Further reading[edit]

  • ma in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Portuguese[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Contraction[edit]

ma

  1. Contraction of me a (“her/it to me”).

Romani[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Inherited from Prakrit 𑀫𑀸 (mā), from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀫𑀸 (mā), from Sanskrit मा (mā).

Particle[edit]

ma

  1. don't (prohibitive particle)

References[edit]

  • Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “māˊ”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 574
  • Boretzky, Norbert, Igla, Birgit (1994) “ma¹”, in Wörterbuch Romani-Deutsch-Englisch für den südosteuropäischen Raum : mit einer Grammatik der Dialektvarianten [Romani-German-English dictionary for the Southern European region] (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 172a
  • Marcel Courthiade (2009) “ma (and-e rokhimàta)”, in Melinda Rézműves, editor, Morri angluni rromane ćhibǎqi evroputni lavustik = Első rromani nyelvű európai szótáram : cigány, magyar, angol, francia, spanyol, német, ukrán, román, horvát, szlovák, görög [My First European-Romani Dictionary: Romani, Hungarian, English, French, Spanish, German, Ukrainian, Romanian, Croatian, Slovak, Greek] (in Hungarian and English), Budapest: Fővárosi Onkormányzat Cigány Ház--Romano Kher, →ISBN, page 231a

Romanian[edit]

Adverb[edit]

ma

  1. Obsolete form of mai.

References[edit]

  • ma in Academia Română, Micul dicționar academic, ediția a II-a, Bucharest: Univers Enciclopedic, 2010. →ISBN

Salar[edit]

Conjunction[edit]

ma

  1. and

Samoan[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Cognate with Maori me and Hawaiian me.

Conjunction[edit]

ma

  1. and
  2. because

Preposition[edit]

ma

  1. with

Savi[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Sanskrit मया (mayā) or another form of अहम् (aham, “I”).

Pronoun[edit]

ma

  1. I; first-person singular personal pronoun

References[edit]

  • Nina Knobloch (2020) A grammar sketch of Sauji: An Indo-Aryan language of Afghanistan‎[9], Stockholm University

Scots[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle English mi, my, apocopated form of min, myn, from Old English mīn (“my, mine”), from Proto-Germanic *mīnaz (“my, mine”, pron.) (genitive of *ek (“I”)), from Proto-Indo-European *méynos (“my; mine”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Determiner[edit]

ma

  1. my
    Synonym: wir

Scottish Gaelic[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Old Irish má, from Proto-Celtic *mā, *ma (compare Cornish and Breton mar), from Proto-Indo-European *meh₂.

Conjunction[edit]

ma

  1. if
    Ma tha thu ’g iarrraidh sin… ― If you want that…
    Ma bhios tu…/Ma bhitheas tu… ― If you will be…/If you are… (habitual)

Usage notes[edit]

  • Where followed by the ‘future’ tense, the corresponding relative verb-form is used.
    Dèan e, ma thogras tu.
    Do it, if you want.
  • In the conditional tense, instead of ma, nan/nam is used in positive sentences and mura/mur/mana in negative ones.

Serbo-Croatian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Italian ma, reinforced by Ancient Greek μά (má); both ultimately from Latin magis.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /mâ/
  • Hyphenation: m‧a

Interjection[edit]

mȁ (Cyrillic spelling ма̏)

  1. bah, whatever
  2. Placed at the beginning of a sentence to add intensity and surprise
    Ma kako?! ― How?!
    Ma gdje? ― Where in the world...?
    Ma da? ― Really?
    Ma to je on! ― That's definitely him!
  3. Placed at the beginning of a sentence to express dismissal and indignation
    Ma ne. ― No way.
    Ma daj. ― Oh come on.
    Ma kakvi. ― Impossible.
  4. Used to emphasize sarcasm
    Ma da!/Ma svakako!/Ma naravno! ― Yeah, sure.
    Ma nemoj. ― Oh you don't say?
    Ma nikad niste vi krivi. ― Of course it can never be your fault.

Situ[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma.

Particle[edit]

ma

  1. not, no; negative particle

Further reading[edit]

  • M. Prins, A Grammar of rGyalrong, Jiǎomùzú (Kyom-kyo) Dialects: A Web of Relations (2016) (and earlier A Web of Relations: A Grammar of rGyalrong, Jiǎomùzú (Kyom-kyo) Dialects, 2011)

Slovak[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

ma

  1. genitive/accusative of ja

Spanish[edit]

Noun[edit]

ma f (plural mas)

  1. (Latin America) mum; mom

Further reading[edit]

Sumerian[edit]

Romanization[edit]

ma

  1. Romanization of 𒈠 (ma)

Suri[edit]

Noun[edit]

mà

  1. water

References[edit]

  • 1999, Michael Bryant, Aspects of Tirmaga Grammar (in notes, as ma)
  • Michael Bryant, A Brief Grammar of the Suri Language (2011) (as mà)

Swazi[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Bantu *-jɪ́ma.

Verb[edit]

-́ma

  1. to stand
  2. to stop, to wait

Inflection[edit]

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Tagalog[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

  • Hyphenation: ma
  • IPA(key): /ma/, [mɐ]

Etymology 1[edit]

Influenced by Baybayin character ᜋ (ma).

Noun[edit]

ma (Baybayin spelling ᜋ)

  1. The name of the Latin-script letter M/m, in the Abakada alphabet.
    Synonyms: (in the Filipino alphabet) em, (in the Abecedario) eme

See also[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

Noun[edit]

ma (Baybayin spelling ᜋ)

  1. Clipping of mama: mom

Etymology 3[edit]

Noun[edit]

ma (Baybayin spelling ᜋ)

  1. (zoology) mollusk with a shell that looks like a coat of mail

Further reading[edit]

  • “ma”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018

Tahitian[edit]

Conjunction[edit]

ma

  1. and

Preposition[edit]

ma

  1. with

Tairuma[edit]

Noun[edit]

ma

  1. Alternative form of ma'a

References[edit]

Tat[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Cognate with Persian ماه (mâh).

Noun[edit]

ma

  1. moon

Tày[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Proto-Tai *ʰmaːᴬ (“dog”). Cognate with Thai หมา (mǎa), Northern Thai ᩉ᩠ᨾᩣ, Lao ໝາ (mā), Tai Dam ꪢꪱ, Lü ᦖᦱ (ṁaa), Shan မႃ (mǎa), Tai Nüa ᥛᥣᥴ (máa), Aiton မႃ (mā), Ahom 𑜉𑜠 (ma), Zhuang ma, Saek หม่า.

Noun[edit]

ma (𬍄)

  1. (zoology) dog
Synonyms[edit]
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

From Vietnamese ma.

Noun[edit]

ma (魔)

  1. ghost

Teanu[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Vanikoro *ma, from Proto-Oceanic *lima, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *lima, from Proto-Austronesian *lima.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

ma

  1. arm
  2. hand

References[edit]

Ternate[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Conjunction[edit]

ma

  1. relative clause introducer; which, that
    Synonym: yang

References[edit]

  • Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

Toaripi[edit]

Noun[edit]

ma

  1. (Toaripi, Kaipi, Sepoe) water

References[edit]

Tokelauan[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): [ma]
  • Hyphenation: ma

Etymology 1[edit]

From Proto-Polynesian *ma. Cognates include Maori mā and Samoan ma.

Conjunction[edit]

ma

  1. Joins noun clauses; and, with
    • 1948, Tūlāfono fakavae a Tokelau [Constitution of Tokelau]‎[10], page 1:
      Ko te fakavae tenei e matea i nā nuku ma kafai ona tagata e faifaimea fakatahi, ma nonofo fakatahi i te filemu ma te fiafia.
      This foundation is recognised in the villages and if its people repeatedly do things together, and they live together in peace and happiness.
  2. Joins verb clauses; and, also, too
    • 1948, Tūlāfono fakavae a Tokelau [Constitution of Tokelau]‎[11], page 1:
      Ko te fakavae tenei e matea i nā nuku ma kafai ona tagata e faifaimea fakatahi, ma nonofo fakatahi i te filemu ma te fiafia.
      This foundation is recognised in the villages and if its people repeatedly do things together, and they live together in peace and happiness.

Etymology 2[edit]

From Proto-Polynesian *ma.

Preposition[edit]

ma

  1. from, away from

Etymology 3[edit]

Preposition[edit]

ma

  1. Marks a prospective role of the subject; as, for

References[edit]

  • R. Simona, editor (1986), Tokelau Dictionary‎[12], Auckland: Office of Tokelau Affairs, page 198

Tz'utujil[edit]

Adverb[edit]

ma

  1. not

Veps[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Finnic *maa, from Proto-Uralic *mëxe.

Noun[edit]

ma

  1. earth
  2. ground
  3. soil
  4. land, country, region
  5. state

Inflection[edit]

Inflection of ma (inflection type 13/ma)
nominative sing. ma
genitive sing. man
partitive sing. mad
partitive plur. maid
singular plural
nominative ma mad
accusative man mad
genitive man maiden
partitive mad maid
essive-instructive man main
translative maks maikš
inessive mas maiš
elative maspäi maišpäi
illative maha maihe
adessive mal mail
ablative malpäi mailpäi
allative male maile
abessive mata maita
comitative manke maidenke
prolative madme maidme
approximative I manno maidenno
approximative II mannoks maidennoks
egressive mannopäi maidennopäi
terminative I mahasai maihesai
terminative II malesai mailesai
terminative III massai —
additive I mahapäi maihepäi
additive II malepäi mailepäi

Derived terms[edit]

References[edit]

Vietnamese[edit]

 ma on Vietnamese Wikipedia

Etymology[edit]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 魔. The modern Vietnamese usage of ma (“ghost”) and quỷ (“demon; ogre”) is contrary to that of Mandarin 魔 (mó, “demon”) and 鬼 (guǐ, “ghost”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

(classifier con) ma

  1. ghost (spirit appearing after death)
  2. (archaic) a demon
    Synonym: quỷ

Derived terms[edit]

Derived terms

Romanization[edit]

ma

  1. Sino-Vietnamese reading of 魔

Derived terms[edit]

Derived terms

Anagrams[edit]

Vilamovian[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

ma

  1. (indefinite) one, they (indefinite third-person singular pronoun)

Vilela[edit]

Noun[edit]

ma

  1. water

References[edit]

  • Bernard Comrie, Lucía Golluscio, Language Contact and Documentation (2015, →ISBN
  • Bartolomé Tavera-Acosta, En el sur: (Dialectos indígenas de Venezuela) (1907)

Warao[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

ma

  1. my
    Ma rahe hakaya.
    My brother runs.
    Natu ma tatutuma iji minajara? [1]
    Granny, have you not seen my wives?
  2. me, accusative of iné
    Ma hube abuae.
    A snake bit me.
    Ihi ma isiko naonahara? [2]
    Don't you come with me?

References[edit]

  1. ^ Vaquero 1965.274, 278
  2. ^ Romero-Figueroa 1985a.109

West Makian[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

ma

  1. (animate) third-person possessive pronoun, its
    mene me mo oma ― this is his child (literally, “this (is) he his child”)
    da kabi mo gou ― the goat's leg
Usage notes[edit]

The possessive pronoun ma follows West Makian vowel harmony, and as such may surface as me, mi, or mo.

Alternative forms[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Determiner[edit]

ma

  1. (distal) that, those
    Synonym: mema
    Antonym: ne
    pala ma ilamo ― that house is large
    oma ma ― those children

Etymology 3[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Conjunction[edit]

ma

  1. then
    toi ipongi, ma tasagal yo ― if it rains, then I won't go

References[edit]

  • Clemens Voorhoeve (1982) The Makian languages and their neighbours‎[14], Pacific linguistics

Wolof[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

ma

  1. me (first-person singular object pronoun)

See also[edit]

Wolof personal pronouns
singular subject plural subject singular object plural object
1st person man nun ma nu
2nd person yow yeen la leen
3rd person moom ñoom ko leen

Wutunhua[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Probably related to Mandarin 麼／么 (me).

Pronoun[edit]

ma

  1. what (interrogative)
Related terms[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

From Mandarin 馬 (mǎ).

Noun[edit]

ma

  1. horse

References[edit]

  • Juha Janhunen, Marja Peltomaa, Erika Sandman, Xiawu Dongzhou (2008) Wutun (LINCOM's Descriptive Grammar Series), volume 466, LINCOM Europa, →ISBN
  • Erika Sandman (2016) A Grammar of Wutun‎[15], University of Helsinki (PhD), →ISBN

Xhosa[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Bantu *-jɪ́ma.

Verb[edit]

-̂ma

  1. (intransitive) to halt
  2. (intransitive) to stop

Inflection[edit]

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Derived terms[edit]

Yola[edit]

Verb[edit]

ma

  1. Alternative form of mye (“may”)
    • 1927, “THE FORTH MAN'S GRACE AFTER A SCANTY DINNER”, in THE ANCIENT DIALECT OF THE BARONIES OF FORTH AND BARGY, COUNTY WEXFORD, page 137, line 2:
      When ye Lord plaase, He ma mend this,
      [When the Lord please, He may mend this,]

References[edit]

  • Kathleen A. Browne (1927) The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland Sixth Series, Vol.17 No.2, Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, page 137

Zazaki[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

ma

  1. we; us (first-person plural personal pronoun)

Zhuang[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Proto-Tai *ʰmaːᴬ (“dog”). Cognate with Thai หมา (mǎa), Northern Thai ᩉ᩠ᨾᩣ, Lao ໝາ (mā), Lü ᦖᦱ (ṁaa), Tai Dam ꪢꪱ, Shan မႃ (mǎa), Tai Nüa ᥛᥣᥴ (máa), Aiton မႃ (mā), Ahom 𑜉𑜠 (ma), Saek หม่า.

Noun[edit]

ma (classifier duz, Sawndip forms 𬌫 or 獁 or 𬍄 or 𰡪 or 䭾 or 庅 or 犸 or 𭸱, 1957–1982 spelling ma)

  1. dog
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

From Proto-Tai *ʰmaːᴬ (“to come”). Cognate with Thai มา (maa), Northern Thai ᨾᩣ (ma), Lao ມາ (mā), Lü ᦙᦱ (maa), Tai Nüa ᥛᥣᥰ (mäa), Shan မႃး (máa), Aiton မႃ (mā), Ahom 𑜉𑜠 (ma) or 𑜉𑜡 (mā) or 𑜉𑜡𑜠 (māa).

Verb[edit]

ma (Sawndip forms 庲 or ⿸广末 or 么 or 麻 or ⿸广处 or 𮜃 or ⿰么馬 or ⿰㐅馬 or 𫹞 or 駡, 1957–1982 spelling ma)

  1. to come back; to return
See also[edit]

Zulu[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Bantu *-jɪ́ma.

Verb[edit]

-má

  1. (intransitive) to stand, to be standing
  2. (intransitive) to stand still, to not move
  3. (intransitive) to stop, to come to a standstill, to halt

Inflection[edit]

Tone H, latent i
Infinitive ukuma
Positive Negative
Infinitive ukuma ukungemi
Imperative
Simple + object concord
Singular yima -me
Plural yimani -meni
Stative
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngimi engimi ngimi angimi engingemi ngingemi
2nd singular umi omi umi awumi ongemi ungemi
1st plural simi esimi simi asimi esingemi singemi
2nd plural nimi enimi nimi animi eningemi ningemi
Class 1 umi omi emi akemi ongemi engemi
Class 2 bemi abemi bemi abemi abangemi bengemi
Class 3 umi omi umi awumi ongemi ongemi
Class 4 imi emi imi ayimi engemi ingemi
Class 5 limi elimi limi alimi elingemi lingemi
Class 6 emi emi emi awemi angemi engemi
Class 7 simi esimi simi asimi esingemi singemi
Class 8 zimi ezimi zimi azimi ezingemi zingemi
Class 9 imi emi imi ayimi engemi ingemi
Class 10 zimi ezimi zimi azimi ezingemi zingemi
Class 11 lumi olumi lumi alumi olungemi lungemi
Class 14 bumi obumi bumi abumi obungemi bungemi
Class 15 kumi okumi kumi akumi okungemi kungemi
Class 17 kumi okumi kumi akumi okungemi kungemi
Present
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngiyema, ngima engimayo, engima ngima angimi engingemi ngingemi
2nd singular uyema, uma omayo, oma uma awumi ongemi ungemi
1st plural siyema, sima esimayo, esima sima asimi esingemi singemi
2nd plural niyema, nima enimayo, enima nima animi eningemi ningemi
Class 1 uyema, uma omayo, oma ema akemi ongemi engemi
Class 2 bayema, bema abemayo, abema bema abemi abangemi bengemi
Class 3 uyema, uma omayo, oma uma awumi ongemi ungemi
Class 4 iyema, ima emayo, ema ima ayimi engemi ingemi
Class 5 liyema, lima elimayo, elima lima alimi elingemi lingemi
Class 6 ayema, ema emayo, ema ema awemi angemi engemi
Class 7 siyema, sima esimayo, esima sima asimi esingemi singemi
Class 8 ziyema, zima ezimayo, ezima zima azimi ezingemi zingemi
Class 9 iyema, ima emayo, ema ima ayimi engemi ingemi
Class 10 ziyema, zima ezimayo, ezima zima azimi ezingemi zingemi
Class 11 luyema, luma olumayo, oluma luma alumi olungemi lungemi
Class 14 buyema, buma obumayo, obuma buma abumi obungemi bungemi
Class 15 kuyema, kuma okumayo, okuma kuma akumi okungemi kungemi
Class 17 kuyema, kuma okumayo, okuma kuma akumi okungemi kungemi
Recent past
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngimile, ngimē engimile, engimē ngimile, ngimē angimanga engingemanga ngingemanga
2nd singular umile, umē omile, omē umile, umē awumanga ongemanga ungemanga
1st plural simile, simē esimile, esimē simile, simē asimanga esingemanga singemanga
2nd plural nimile, nimē enimile, enimē nimile, nimē animanga eningemanga ningemanga
Class 1 umile, umē omile, omē emile, emē akemanga ongemanga engemanga
Class 2 bemile, bemē abemile, abemē bemile, bemē abemanga abangemanga bengemanga
Class 3 umile, umē omile, omē umile, umē awumanga ongemanga ungemanga
Class 4 imile, imē emile, emē imile, imē ayimanga engemanga ingemanga
Class 5 limile, limē elimile, elimē limile, limē alimanga elingemanga lingemanga
Class 6 emile, emē emile, emē emile, emē awemanga angemanga engemanga
Class 7 simile, simē esimile, esimē simile, simē asimanga esingemanga singemanga
Class 8 zimile, zimē ezimile, ezimē zimile, zimē azimanga ezingemanga zingemanga
Class 9 imile, imē emile, emē imile, imē ayimanga engemanga ingemanga
Class 10 zimile, zimē ezimile, ezimē zimile, zimē azimanga ezingemanga zingemanga
Class 11 lumile, lumē olumile, olumē lumile, lumē alumanga olungemanga lungemanga
Class 14 bumile, bumē obumile, obumē bumile, bumē abumanga obungemanga bungemanga
Class 15 kumile, kumē okumile, okumē kumile, kumē akumanga okungemanga kungemanga
Class 17 kumile, kumē okumile, okumē kumile, kumē akumanga okungemanga kungemanga
Remote past
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngāma engāma ngāma angimanga engingemanga ngingemanga
2nd singular wāma owāma wāma awumanga ongemanga ungemanga
1st plural sāma esāma sāma asimanga esingemanga singemanga
2nd plural nāma enāma nāma animanga eningemanga ningemanga
Class 1 wāma owāma āma akemanga ongemanga engemanga
Class 2 bāma abāma bāma abemanga abangemanga bengemanga
Class 3 wāma owāma wāma awumanga ongemanga ungemanga
Class 4 yāma eyāma yāma ayimanga engemanga ingemanga
Class 5 lāma elāma lāma alimanga elingemanga lingemanga
Class 6 āma āma āma awemanga angemanga engemanga
Class 7 sāma esāma sāma asimanga esingemanga singemanga
Class 8 zāma ezāma zāma azimanga ezingemanga zingemanga
Class 9 yāma eyāma yāma ayimanga engemanga ingemanga
Class 10 zāma ezāma zāma azimanga ezingemanga zingemanga
Class 11 lwāma olwāma lwāma alumanga olungemanga lungemanga
Class 14 bāma obāma bāma abumanga obungemanga bungemanga
Class 15 kwāma okwāma kwāma akumanga okungemanga kungemanga
Class 17 kwāma okwāma kwāma akumanga okungemanga kungemanga
Potential
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngingema — ngingema ngingeme — ngingeme
2nd singular ungema — ungema ungeme — ungeme
1st plural singema — singema singeme — singeme
2nd plural ningema — ningema ningeme — ningeme
Class 1 angema — engema angeme — engeme
Class 2 bangema — bengema bangeme — bengeme
Class 3 ungema — ungema ungeme — ungeme
Class 4 ingema — ingema ingeme — ingeme
Class 5 lingema — lingema lingeme — lingeme
Class 6 angema — engema angeme — engeme
Class 7 singema — singema singeme — singeme
Class 8 zingema — zingema zingeme — zingeme
Class 9 ingema — ingema ingeme — ingeme
Class 10 zingema — zingema zingeme — zingeme
Class 11 lungema — lungema lungeme — lungeme
Class 14 bungema — bungema bungeme — bungeme
Class 15 kungema — kungema kungeme — kungeme
Class 17 kungema — kungema kungeme — kungeme
Immediate future
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngizokuma engizokuma ngizokuma angizukuma engingezukuma ngingezukuma
2nd singular uzokuma ozokuma uzokuma awuzukuma ongezukuma ungezukuma
1st plural sizokuma esizokuma sizokuma asizukuma esingezukuma singezukuma
2nd plural nizokuma enizokuma nizokuma anizukuma eningezukuma ningezukuma
Class 1 uzokuma ozokuma ezokuma akazukuma ongezukuma engezukuma
Class 2 bazokuma abazokuma bezokuma abazukuma abangezukuma bengezukuma
Class 3 uzokuma ozokuma uzokuma awuzukuma ongezukuma ungezukuma
Class 4 izokuma ezokuma izokuma ayizukuma engezukuma ingezukuma
Class 5 lizokuma elizokuma lizokuma alizukuma elingezukuma lingezukuma
Class 6 azokuma azokuma ezokuma awazukuma angezukuma engezukuma
Class 7 sizokuma esizokuma sizokuma asizukuma esingezukuma singezukuma
Class 8 zizokuma ezizokuma zizokuma azizukuma ezingezukuma zingezukuma
Class 9 izokuma ezokuma izokuma ayizukuma engezukuma ingezukuma
Class 10 zizokuma ezizokuma zizokuma azizukuma ezingezukuma zingezukuma
Class 11 luzokuma oluzokuma luzokuma aluzukuma olungezukuma lungezukuma
Class 14 buzokuma obuzokuma buzokuma abuzukuma obungezukuma bungezukuma
Class 15 kuzokuma okuzokuma kuzokuma akuzukuma okungezukuma kungezukuma
Class 17 kuzokuma okuzokuma kuzokuma akuzukuma okungezukuma kungezukuma
Remote future
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngiyokuma engiyokuma ngiyokuma angiyukuma engingeyukuma ngingeyukuma
2nd singular uyokuma oyokuma uyokuma awuyukuma ongeyukuma ungeyukuma
1st plural siyokuma esiyokuma siyokuma asiyukuma esingeyukuma singeyukuma
2nd plural niyokuma eniyokuma niyokuma aniyukuma eningeyukuma ningeyukuma
Class 1 uyokuma oyokuma eyokuma akayukuma ongeyukuma engeyukuma
Class 2 bayokuma abayokuma beyokuma abayukuma abangeyukuma bengeyukuma
Class 3 uyokuma oyokuma uyokuma awuyukuma ongeyukuma ungeyukuma
Class 4 iyokuma eyokuma iyokuma ayiyukuma engeyukuma ingeyukuma
Class 5 liyokuma eliyokuma liyokuma aliyukuma elingeyukuma lingeyukuma
Class 6 ayokuma ayokuma eyokuma awayukuma angeyukuma engeyukuma
Class 7 siyokuma esiyokuma siyokuma asiyukuma esingeyukuma singeyukuma
Class 8 ziyokuma eziyokuma ziyokuma aziyukuma ezingeyukuma zingeyukuma
Class 9 iyokuma eyokuma iyokuma ayiyukuma engeyukuma ingeyukuma
Class 10 ziyokuma eziyokuma ziyokuma aziyukuma ezingeyukuma zingeyukuma
Class 11 luyokuma oluyokuma luyokuma aluyukuma olungeyukuma lungeyukuma
Class 14 buyokuma obuyokuma buyokuma abuyukuma obungeyukuma bungeyukuma
Class 15 kuyokuma okuyokuma kuyokuma akuyukuma okungeyukuma kungeyukuma
Class 17 kuyokuma okuyokuma kuyokuma akuyukuma okungeyukuma kungeyukuma
Present subjunctive
Positive Negative
1st singular ngime ngingemi
2nd singular ume ungemi
1st plural sime singemi
2nd plural nime ningemi
Class 1 eme angemi
Class 2 beme bangemi
Class 3 ume ungemi
Class 4 ime ingemi
Class 5 lime lingemi
Class 6 eme angemi
Class 7 sime singemi
Class 8 zime zingemi
Class 9 ime ingemi
Class 10 zime zingemi
Class 11 lume lungemi
Class 14 bume bungemi
Class 15 kume kungemi
Class 17 kume kungemi
Past subjunctive
Positive Negative
1st singular ngema ngangema, angema, angangema
2nd singular wema wangema, awema, awangema
1st plural sema sangema, asema, asangema
2nd plural nema nangema, anema, anangema
Class 1 wema wangema, akema, akangema
Class 2 bema bangema, abema, abangema
Class 3 wema wangema, awema, awangema
Class 4 yema yangema, ayema, ayangema
Class 5 lema langema, alema, alangema
Class 6 ema angema, awema, awangema
Class 7 sema sangema, asema, asangema
Class 8 zema zangema, azema, azangema
Class 9 yema yangema, ayema, ayangema
Class 10 zema zangema, azema, azangema
Class 11 lwema lwangema, alwema, alwangema
Class 14 bema bangema, abema, abangema
Class 15 kwema kwangema, akwema, akwangema
Class 17 kwema kwangema, akwema, akwangema

Derived terms[edit]

References[edit]

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