человек

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Russian[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Inherited from Old East Slavic человѣкъ (čelověkŭ), from Proto-Slavic *čьlověkъ, *čelověkъ.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): [t͡ɕɪɫɐˈvʲek]
  • (file)

Noun[edit]

челове́к (čelovékm anim (genitive челове́ка, nominative plural лю́ди or челове́ки*, genitive plural люде́й or челове́к* or челове́ков*, relational adjective челове́ческий or челове́чий or людско́й, diminutive челове́чек, augmentative челове́чище, pejorative челове́чишко) (* Nominative plural - rare, poetic, other cases of челове́к in plural are used with numbers.)

  1. person, human being, man
  2. (collective, singular only) mankind, man, the human race
    взаимоде́йствие челове́ка и приро́дыvzaimodéjstvije čelovéka i priródyman's (mankind's) interaction with nature
  3. also plural when used with cardinal words:
    оди́н челове́кodín čelovékone person
    два челове́каdva čelovékatwo persons, people
    пять челове́кpjatʹ čelovékfive persons, people
    два́дцать челове́кdvádcatʹ čelovéktwenty persons, people
    два́дцать оди́н челове́кdvádcatʹ odín čelovéktwenty-one persons, people
    два́дцать два челове́каdvádcatʹ dva čelovékatwenty-two persons, people

Usage notes[edit]

  • Usage of челове́к with numerals ending in one (1):
    • If the cardinal number ends in a one (excluding 11) then человек is declined in the singular the same way as any other masculine, singular noun.
  • Usage of челове́к with numerals ending in a number greater than one (1):
    • If the cardinal number ends in two, three, or four (excluding 12, 13 and 14) and человек is not preceded by an adjective, человек will decline in the plural for all cases except for nominative, where it will decline in the genitive singular. E.g.:
      • "Двух человек" and "двум человекам," but in the nominative "два человека."
    • If the cardinal number is five or greater and does not end in a two, three, or four (excluding 12, 13 and 14) and человек is not preceded by an adjective, человек will decline in the plural for all cases. E.g.:
      • "Пять человек," "пяти человекам," and "пятью человеками," etc.
    • If the cardinal number ends in two, three, or four (excluding 12, 13 and 14) and человек is preceded by an adjective, one may use either "человек" or the word "люди" for all cases (both usages are acceptable) except for nominative, where it will decline only in the genitive singular of "человек." E.g.:
      • Both "двух незнакомых человек" and "двух незнакомых людей" are acceptable, but in the nominative only "два незнакомых человека" is acceptable (never "два незнакомых людей").
    • If the cardinal number is five or greater and does not end in a two, three, or four (excluding 12, 13 and 14) and человек is preceded by an adjective, one may use either "человек" or the word "люди" for all cases (both usages are acceptable). E.g.:
      • Both "пять незнакомых человек" and "пять незнакомых людей" are acceptable in the nominative, and so on with the other cases: "пяти незнакомым человекам" or "пяти незнакомым людям" etc.
    • Words that refer to a specific number expressed as a numeral use "человек." Words that refer to any non-specific number, or words that refer to a number but are not themselves a numeral use "людей." E.g.:
      • cто человек but сотня людей — 100 people but (a group of) a hundred people
      • тысяча человек but тысячи людей — 1000 people but thousands of people
    • Russian collective numerals (двое, трое, четверо, etc.) strictly speaking are not used with the word "человек."
    • Certain words such as сколько, несколько, and много may be used with either "человек" or "людей" depending on the context. Generally if an exact number is sought, or if the people are perceived as individuals, "человек" is used. If an inexact number is sought, or if the people are perceived as an indistinct mass, "людей" is used.
    • Derivations, e.g. получелове́к (polučelovék), and compound words with челове́к, e.g. сне́жный челове́к (snéžnyj čelovék) or челове́к разу́мный (čelovék razúmnyj), do not necessarily follow these same patterns.

Declension[edit]

Derived terms[edit]