-io

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Esperanto

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Etymology

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From Latin -ia in country names.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): [ˈio]
  • Rhymes: -io
  • Hyphenation: i‧o

Suffix

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-io

  1. a place, usually a country, named after the root, whether that is a people, person, city, or river
    andaluzo (Andalusian) + ‎-io → ‎Andaluzio (Andalusia)
    Esperanto (the Esperanto language) + ‎-io → ‎Esperantio (a notional Esperanto-speaking land)
    flandro (Fleming) + ‎-io → ‎Flandrio (Flanders)
    japano (a Japanese person) + ‎-io → ‎Japanio (Japan)
    Kolumbo (Columbus) + ‎-io → ‎Kolumbio (Colombia)
    Niĝero (the Niger River) + ‎-io → ‎Niĝerio (Nigeria)
    Romo (Rome) + ‎-io → ‎Romio (the Roman Empire)
    ŝvabo (Swabian) + ‎-io → ‎Ŝvabio (Swabia)
  2. a science named after its practitioner
    astronomo (astronomer) + ‎-io → ‎astronomio (astronomy)
    biologo (biologist) + ‎-io → ‎biologio (biology)
    kirurgo (surgeon) + ‎-io → ‎kirurgio (surgery (branch of medicine))
  3. -ium; used to form the names of chemical elements
    berilo (beryl) + ‎-io → ‎berilio (beryllium)
    titano (titan) + ‎-io → ‎titanio (titanium)
    Urano (Uranus) + ‎-io → ‎uranio (uranium)

Synonyms

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Derived terms

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Finnish

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Etymology

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From multiple sources, including extraction from words derived with -o from verb stems ending in -i, as well as from earlier and still dialectal -i(j)o, from -ja-i (for labial ai > o, compare plural forms of kala-type nouns), from -ja + -i.

Suffix

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-io (front vowel harmony variant -iö, linguistic notation -iO)

  1. Forms nouns from verbs or verbal stems.
    itää (to sprout) + ‎-io → ‎itiö (spore (of e.g. mushroom, moss))
    valita (to choose) + ‎-io → ‎valio (elite, select)
  2. Forms nouns from other nouns, adjectives, numbers or their stems.
    yksi (one) + ‎-io → ‎yksiö (a one-room apartment)
    kolme (three) + ‎-io → ‎kolmio (a triangle; a yield sign)
    neljä (four) + ‎-io → ‎neliö (a square); shorter form for a square meter

Declension

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Inflection of -io (Kotus type 3/valtio, no gradation)
nominative -io -iot
genitive -ion -ioiden
-ioitten
partitive -iota -ioita
illative -ioon -ioihin
singular plural
nominative -io -iot
accusative nom. -io -iot
gen. -ion
genitive -ion -ioiden
-ioitten
partitive -iota -ioita
inessive -iossa -ioissa
elative -iosta -ioista
illative -ioon -ioihin
adessive -iolla -ioilla
ablative -iolta -ioilta
allative -iolle -ioille
essive -iona -ioina
translative -ioksi -ioiksi
abessive -iotta -ioitta
instructive -ioin
comitative See the possessive forms below.
Possessive forms of -io (Kotus type 3/valtio, no gradation)
first-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative -ioni -ioni
accusative nom. -ioni -ioni
gen. -ioni
genitive -ioni -ioideni
-ioitteni
partitive -iotani -ioitani
inessive -iossani -ioissani
elative -iostani -ioistani
illative -iooni -ioihini
adessive -iollani -ioillani
ablative -ioltani -ioiltani
allative -iolleni -ioilleni
essive -ionani -ioinani
translative -iokseni -ioikseni
abessive -iottani -ioittani
instructive
comitative -ioineni
second-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative -iosi -iosi
accusative nom. -iosi -iosi
gen. -iosi
genitive -iosi -ioidesi
-ioittesi
partitive -iotasi -ioitasi
inessive -iossasi -ioissasi
elative -iostasi -ioistasi
illative -ioosi -ioihisi
adessive -iollasi -ioillasi
ablative -ioltasi -ioiltasi
allative -iollesi -ioillesi
essive -ionasi -ioinasi
translative -ioksesi -ioiksesi
abessive -iottasi -ioittasi
instructive
comitative -ioinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative -iomme -iomme
accusative nom. -iomme -iomme
gen. -iomme
genitive -iomme -ioidemme
-ioittemme
partitive -iotamme -ioitamme
inessive -iossamme -ioissamme
elative -iostamme -ioistamme
illative -ioomme -ioihimme
adessive -iollamme -ioillamme
ablative -ioltamme -ioiltamme
allative -iollemme -ioillemme
essive -ionamme -ioinamme
translative -ioksemme -ioiksemme
abessive -iottamme -ioittamme
instructive
comitative -ioinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative -ionne -ionne
accusative nom. -ionne -ionne
gen. -ionne
genitive -ionne -ioidenne
-ioittenne
partitive -iotanne -ioitanne
inessive -iossanne -ioissanne
elative -iostanne -ioistanne
illative -ioonne -ioihinne
adessive -iollanne -ioillanne
ablative -ioltanne -ioiltanne
allative -iollenne -ioillenne
essive -ionanne -ioinanne
translative -ioksenne -ioiksenne
abessive -iottanne -ioittanne
instructive
comitative -ioinenne
third-person possessor
singular plural
nominative -ionsa -ionsa
accusative nom. -ionsa -ionsa
gen. -ionsa
genitive -ionsa -ioidensa
-ioittensa
partitive -iotaan
-iotansa
-ioitaan
-ioitansa
inessive -iossaan
-iossansa
-ioissaan
-ioissansa
elative -iostaan
-iostansa
-ioistaan
-ioistansa
illative -ioonsa -ioihinsa
adessive -iollaan
-iollansa
-ioillaan
-ioillansa
ablative -ioltaan
-ioltansa
-ioiltaan
-ioiltansa
allative -iolleen
-iollensa
-ioilleen
-ioillensa
essive -ionaan
-ionansa
-ioinaan
-ioinansa
translative -iokseen
-ioksensa
-ioikseen
-ioiksensa
abessive -iottaan
-iottansa
-ioittaan
-ioittansa
instructive
comitative -ioineen
-ioinensa

Derived terms

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Anagrams

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Ido

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Etymology

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Borrowed from English -ia, French -ie, Italian -ia, Russian -ия (-ija), Spanish -ia, ultimately from Latin -ia, from Ancient Greek -ία (-ía).

Suffix

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-io

  1. suffix denoting the country, region, domain, territory or province dependent upon the authority of a person
    duko (duke; duchess) + ‎-io → ‎dukio (duchy)
    episkopo (bishop) + ‎-io → ‎episkopio (bishopric, diocese, episcopate)
    paroko (parish priest, rector) + ‎-io → ‎parokio (parish)
    rejo (sovereign, ruler, king, queen, monarch) + ‎-io → ‎rejio (kingdom)

Usage notes

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A common but false misconception is that countries that end with -ia in Ido, for example Albania, use this suffix when in fact it's part of the root itself. Though, -io at times can help shape country names to fit; Mexikia uses the extra i so not to be confused with Mexiko (Mexico City) at the same time resembling other country names.

Derived terms

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Italian

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Etymology 1

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Unknown. Perhaps from Latin -ērium.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈi.o/
  • Rhymes: -io
  • Hyphenation: -ì‧o

Suffix

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-io m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ii)

  1. used with verb roots to derive nouns with durative, intensive or frequentative connotation; -le
Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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From Latin -īvus.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈi.o/
  • Rhymes: -io
  • Hyphenation: -ì‧o

Suffix

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-io (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -ia, masculine plural -ii, feminine plural -ie)
-io m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ii)

  1. Alternative form of -ivo
Derived terms
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Etymology 3

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From Latin -ius.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /jo/, /ˈi.o/
  • Rhymes: -io
  • Hyphenation: -io, -ì‧o

Suffix

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-io (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -ia, masculine plural -i or -ii, feminine plural -ie)

  1. added to nouns and adjectives to form adjectives meaning “having the quality of”; -y

Etymology 4

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Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /jo/ (stressed on the preceding syllable)
  • Hyphenation: -io

Suffix

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-io m (noun-forming suffix, plural -i)

  1. (uncommon) used with verb roots to derive simple deverbal nouns
    sgravare (to relieve, to lighten) + ‎-io → ‎sgràvio (relief, lightening)
Derived terms
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Category Italian terms suffixed with -io (deverbal) not found

Etymology 5

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Borrowed from New Latin -ium.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /jo/, /ˈi.o/
  • Rhymes: -io
  • Hyphenation: -io, -ì‧o

Suffix

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-io m (noun-forming suffix, plural -i or -ii)

  1. forms the name of chemical elements; -ium
Derived terms
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Etymology 6

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From Latin -īvit via Vulgar Latin -īut.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /jo/, /ˈi.o/
  • Rhymes: -io
  • Hyphenation: -io, -ì‧o

Suffix

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-io (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)

  1. (archaic, Dantesque) used with a stem to form the third-person singular past historic of regular -ire verbs

Derived terms

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Latin

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Etymology 1

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    Suffix on i-stems.

    Suffix

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    -iō f (genitive -iōnis); third declension

    1. Used to form abstract nouns from verbs.
    Usage notes
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    The suffix -iō is added to a verb to create a third-declension feminine abstract noun.

    Examples:
    legiō, from legō
    regiō, from regō
    Declension
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    Third-declension noun.

    Case Singular Plural
    Nominative -iō -iōnēs
    Genitive -iōnis -iōnum
    Dative -iōnī -iōnibus
    Accusative -iōnem -iōnēs
    Ablative -iōne -iōnibus
    Vocative -iō -iōnēs
    Synonyms
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    Derived terms
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    Further reading

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    Etymology 2

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    Extension of (possibly by rebracketing).

    Suffix

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    -iō m (genitive -iōnis); third declension

    1. Suffixed to noun or adjective stems, forms various nouns designating persons that are characterized by or related to the base word, such as nicknames or names of professions.
    2. Suffixed to noun or adjective stems, forms certain nouns designating things; often described as a kind of diminutive.
    Usage notes
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    Personal appellations ending in -iō appear to have often had a derogatory or pejorative shade of meaning, which in some cases resulted in a sense near that of a diminutive, as in the case of homunciō.[1]

    Declension
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    Third-declension noun.

    Case Singular Plural
    Nominative -iō -iōnēs
    Genitive -iōnis -iōnum
    Dative -iōnī -iōnibus
    Accusative -iōnem -iōnēs
    Ablative -iōne -iōnibus
    Vocative -iō -iōnēs
    Synonyms
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    Derived terms
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    Etymology 3

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    From -i-ō. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-yeti.

    Suffix

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    -iō (present infinitive -iāre, perfect active -iāvī, supine -iātum); first conjugation

    1. Used to form factitive verbs from adjectives.
    Conjugation
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       Conjugation of -iō (first conjugation)
    indicative singular plural
    first second third first second third
    active present -iō -iās -iat -iāmus -iātis -iant
    imperfect -iābam -iābās -iābat -iābāmus -iābātis -iābant
    future -iābō -iābis -iābit -iābimus -iābitis -iābunt
    perfect -iāvī -iāvistī -iāvit -iāvimus -iāvistis -iāvērunt,
    -iāvēre
    pluperfect -iāveram -iāverās -iāverat -iāverāmus -iāverātis -iāverant
    future perfect -iāverō -iāveris -iāverit -iāverimus -iāveritis -iāverint
    sigmatic future1 -iāssō -iāssis -iāssit -iāssimus -iāssitis -iāssint
    passive present -ior -iāris,
    -iāre
    -iātur -iāmur -iāminī -iantur
    imperfect -iābar -iābāris,
    -iābāre
    -iābātur -iābāmur -iābāminī -iābantur
    future -iābor -iāberis,
    -iābere
    -iābitur -iābimur -iābiminī -iābuntur
    perfect -iātus + present active indicative of sum
    pluperfect -iātus + imperfect active indicative of sum
    future perfect -iātus + future active indicative of sum
    sigmatic future1 -iāssor -iāsseris -iāssitur
    subjunctive singular plural
    first second third first second third
    active present -iem -iēs -iet -iēmus -iētis -ient
    imperfect -iārem -iārēs -iāret -iārēmus -iārētis -iārent
    perfect -iāverim -iāverīs -iāverit -iāverīmus -iāverītis -iāverint
    pluperfect -iāvissem -iāvissēs -iāvisset -iāvissēmus -iāvissētis -iāvissent
    sigmatic aorist1 -iāssim -iāssīs -iāssīt -iāssīmus -iāssītis -iāssint
    passive present -ier -iēris,
    -iēre
    -iētur -iēmur -iēminī -ientur
    imperfect -iārer -iārēris,
    -iārēre
    -iārētur -iārēmur -iārēminī -iārentur
    perfect -iātus + present active subjunctive of sum
    pluperfect -iātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
    imperative singular plural
    first second third first second third
    active present -iā -iāte
    future -iātō -iātō -iātōte -iantō
    passive present -iāre -iāminī
    future -iātor -iātor -iantor
    non-finite forms active passive
    present perfect future present perfect future
    infinitives -iāre -iāvisse -iātūrum esse -iārī,
    -iārier2
    -iātum esse -iātum īrī
    participles -iāns -iātūrus -iātus -iandus
    verbal nouns gerund supine
    genitive dative accusative ablative accusative ablative
    -iandī -iandō -iandum -iandō -iātum -iātū

    1At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.
    2The present passive infinitive in -ier is a rare poetic form which is attested.

    Derived terms
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    Etymology 4

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    From Proto-Italic *-jō, from Proto-Indo-European -yé-ti in which the first person singular ends in *-yóh₂.

    Suffix

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    -iō (present infinitive -ere, perfect active , supine -um); third conjugation iō-variant

    1. Used to form some irregular third conjugation verbs.
    Conjugation
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       Conjugation of -iō (third conjugation -variant)
    indicative singular plural
    first second third first second third
    active present -iō -is -it -imus -itis -iunt
    imperfect -iēbam -iēbās -iēbat -iēbāmus -iēbātis -iēbant
    future -iam -iēs -iet -iēmus -iētis -ient
    perfect -istī -it -imus -istis -ērunt,
    -ēre
    pluperfect -eram -erās -erat -erāmus -erātis -erant
    future perfect -erō -eris -erit -erimus -eritis -erint
    sigmatic future1 -is -it -imus -itis -int
    passive present -ior -eris,
    -ere
    -itur -imur -iminī -iuntur
    imperfect -iēbar -iēbāris,
    -iēbāre
    -iēbātur -iēbāmur -iēbāminī -iēbantur
    future -iar -iēris,
    -iēre
    -iētur -iēmur -iēminī -ientur
    perfect -us + present active indicative of sum
    pluperfect -us + imperfect active indicative of sum
    future perfect -us + future active indicative of sum
    sigmatic future1 -or -eris -itur
    subjunctive singular plural
    first second third first second third
    active present -iam -iās -iat -iāmus -iātis -iant
    imperfect -erem -erēs -eret -erēmus -erētis -erent
    perfect -erim -erīs -erit -erīmus -erītis -erint
    pluperfect -issem -issēs -isset -issēmus -issētis -issent
    sigmatic aorist1 -im -īs -īt -īmus -ītis -int
    passive present -iar -iāris,
    -iāre
    -iātur -iāmur -iāminī -iantur
    imperfect -erer -erēris,
    -erēre
    -erētur -erēmur -erēminī -erentur
    perfect -us + present active subjunctive of sum
    pluperfect -us + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
    imperative singular plural
    first second third first second third
    active present -e -ite
    future -itō -itō -itōte -iuntō
    passive present -ere -iminī
    future -itor -itor -iuntor
    non-finite forms active passive
    present perfect future present perfect future
    infinitives -ere -isse -ūrum esse -um esse -um īrī
    participles -iēns -ūrus -us -iendus,
    -iundus
    verbal nouns gerund supine
    genitive dative accusative ablative accusative ablative
    -iendī -iendō -iendum -iendō -um

    1At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.

    Etymology 5

    [edit]

      Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-yéti (denominative suffix). The question of how it came to be differentiated from third-conjugation -iō, -ere is still debated. Vine 2012 derives denominatives such as serviō from *serw-e-yé/ó- (with the thematic vowel *-e- before the suffix), proposing that unaccented Proto-Indo-European *-e- came to be assimilated in Italic to an immediately following *-y-.[2] Alternative explanations include an Italic version of Sievers's law (that is, a prosodically conditioned development of postconsonantal *-y-* to *-iy- in certain contexts) or combination of the suffix with stems ending in *-i-.

      Suffix

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      -iō (present infinitive -īre, perfect active -īvī, supine -ītum); fourth conjugation

      1. Used to form fourth conjugation verbs.
      Conjugation
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         Conjugation of -iō (fourth conjugation)
      indicative singular plural
      first second third first second third
      active present -iō -īs -it -īmus -ītis -iunt
      imperfect -iēbam -iēbās -iēbat -iēbāmus -iēbātis -iēbant
      future -iam -iēs -iet -iēmus -iētis -ient
      perfect -īvī,
      -iī
      -īvistī,
      -iistī
      -īvit,
      -iit
      -īvimus,
      -iimus
      -īvistis,
      -iistis
      -īvērunt,
      -īvēre,
      -iērunt,
      -iēre
      pluperfect -īveram,
      -ieram
      -īverās,
      -ierās
      -īverat,
      -ierat
      -īverāmus,
      -ierāmus
      -īverātis,
      -ierātis
      -īverant,
      -ierant
      future perfect -īverō,
      -ierō
      -īveris,
      -ieris
      -īverit,
      -ierit
      -īverimus,
      -ierimus
      -īveritis,
      -ieritis
      -īverint,
      -ierint
      sigmatic future1 -īssō -īssis -īssit -īssimus -īssitis -īssint
      passive present -ior -īris,
      -īre
      -ītur -īmur -īminī -iuntur
      imperfect -iēbar -iēbāris,
      -iēbāre
      -iēbātur -iēbāmur -iēbāminī -iēbantur
      future -iar -iēris,
      -iēre
      -iētur -iēmur -iēminī -ientur
      perfect -ītus + present active indicative of sum
      pluperfect -ītus + imperfect active indicative of sum
      future perfect -ītus + future active indicative of sum
      subjunctive singular plural
      first second third first second third
      active present -iam -iās -iat -iāmus -iātis -iant
      imperfect -īrem -īrēs -īret -īrēmus -īrētis -īrent
      perfect -īverim,
      -ierim
      -īverīs,
      -ierīs
      -īverit,
      -ierit
      -īverīmus,
      -ierīmus
      -īverītis,
      -ierītis
      -īverint,
      -ierint
      pluperfect -īvissem,
      -iissem
      -īvissēs,
      -iissēs
      -īvisset,
      -iisset
      -īvissēmus,
      -iissēmus
      -īvissētis,
      -iissētis
      -īvissent,
      -iissent
      sigmatic aorist1 -īssim -īssīs -īssīt -īssīmus -īssītis -īssint
      passive present -iar -iāris,
      -iāre
      -iātur -iāmur -iāminī -iantur
      imperfect -īrer -īrēris,
      -īrēre
      -īrētur -īrēmur -īrēminī -īrentur
      perfect -ītus + present active subjunctive of sum
      pluperfect -ītus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
      imperative singular plural
      first second third first second third
      active present -īte
      future -ītō -ītō -ītōte -iuntō
      passive present -īre -īminī
      future -ītor -ītor -iuntor
      non-finite forms active passive
      present perfect future present perfect future
      infinitives -īre -īvisse,
      -iisse
      -ītūrum esse -īrī -ītum esse -ītum īrī
      participles -iēns -ītūrus -ītus -iendus,
      -iundus
      verbal nouns gerund supine
      genitive dative accusative ablative accusative ablative
      -iendī -iendō -iendum -iendō -ītum -ītū

      1At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to").

      Derived terms
      [edit]

      References

      [edit]
      1. ^ Petersen, Walter, 1910. Greek diminutives in -ION; a study in semantics, pages 194-195
      2. ^ Vine, Brent (2012) “PIE mobile accent in Italic: Further evidence”, in Benedicte Nielsen Whitehead, Thomas Olander, Birgit Anette Olsen, and Jens Elmegård Rasmussen, editors, The Sound of Indo-European: Phonetics, phonemics, and morphophonemics, Museum Tusculanum Press

      Old Spanish

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      Etymology

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      From Latin -ium, from the adjectival suffix -ius.

      Pronunciation

      [edit]

      Suffix

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      -io

      1. (added to nouns) A suffix forming abstract nouns.
        sennor (lord, master) + ‎-io → ‎sennorio (dominion, jurisdiction)

      Derived terms

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      Descendants

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      • Spanish: -ío

      Portuguese

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      Etymology 1

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      From Old Galician-Portuguese -io, from Latin -īvus. Doublet of -ivo.

      Pronunciation

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      Suffix

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      -io (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -ia, masculine plural -ios, feminine plural -ias)

      1. -ive; -y (forms adjectives from verbs, indicating a tendency or inclination)
        escorregar (to slip) + ‎-io → ‎escorregadio (slippery)
        arredar (to withdraw from) + ‎-io → ‎arredio (withdrawn, solitary)

      Etymology 2

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      Pronunciation

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      Suffix

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      -io m (noun-forming suffix, uncountable)

      1. (informal) forms collectives
        mulher (woman) + ‎-io → ‎mulherio (a bunch of women)

      Etymology 3

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      Suffix

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      -io m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ios)

      1. (chemistry) -ium (forms the names of chemical elements and isotopes)

      Etymology 4

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      Pronunciation

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      Verb

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      -io

      1. Obsolete spelling of -iu.

      Spanish

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      Etymology

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      Borrowed from New Latin -ium, from Latin -um, based on Latin terms for metals, such as ferrum (iron).

      Suffix

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      -io m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ios)

      1. -ium

      Derived terms

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      Further reading

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      Welsh

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      Etymology

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      Variant of -o, initially after a stem that contained /j/ (for Brythonic /ɣ/ or from palatalization after a diphthong), later extended to other verbstems.

      Pronunciation

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      Suffix

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      -io

      1. Forms verbnouns from verbs and other parts of speech.

      Derived terms

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      • -o (Forms verbnouns from verb stems ending in )