-mesha-

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Swahili

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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From -me- + -isha (to finish).

Pronunciation

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  • Audio (Kenya):(file)

Infix

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-mesha-

  1. counterexpectative perfect aspect marker, indicates that an action has taken place even though one might have expected otherwise
    Near-synonym: -me-
    Wameshakisoma hicho kitabu.They have actually read this book.

Conjugation

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See also

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Swahili TAM markers
Initial
Positive infinitive ku-/kw-1
Negative infinitive kuto-
Habitual hu-1
Telegrammic ka-1
Final
General (positive indicative) -a
Positive subjunctive -e
Negative present -i
Second person plural -ni
Infix position
positive subject concord
Positive past -li-
Positive present -na-
Positive future -ta-
Negative subjunctive -si-1
Positive present conditional -nge-
Negative present conditional -singe-
Positive past conditional -ngali-
Negative past conditional -singali-
Gnomic -a-1
Perfect -me-
"Already" past -lisha-
"Already" present -mesha-/-sha-
"If/When" -ki-1
"If not" -sipo-
Consecutive -ka-1
Infix position
negative subject concord
Negative past -ku-1
Negative future -ta-
"Not yet" -ja-1
Negative present conditional -nge-
Negative past conditional -ngali-
Relative
Past -li-
Present -na-
Future -taka-
Negative -si-
1 Can take stress and therefore does not require -ku-/-kw- in monosyllabic verbs.
  • -kisha- (conditional future tense marker)
  • -lisha- (past "already" tense marker)