Appendix:Tulu Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Tulu, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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EnglishTulu
ತುಳು (tuḷu)
edit (79)
1I (1sg)ಯಾನು (yānu), ಯೇನು (yēnu), ಯಾನ್ (yānŭ), ಏನ್ (ēnŭ)
2you (2sg) (ī)
3he, she, it (3sg)ಆಯೆ (āye), ಆಳ್ (āḷŭ), ಅದ್ (adŭ)
4we (1pl)ಯಂಕಲ್ (yaṅkalŭ), ಎಂಕುಲು (eṅkulu)
5you (2pl)ಇಕುಳು (ikuḷu)
6they (3pl)ಆಕುಳು (ākuḷu), ಅಗುಲು (agulu), ಅಕುಳು (akuḷu)
7thisಉಂದ್ (undŭ)
8thatಅವ್ (avŭ)
9hereಇಂಚಿ (iñci)
10thereಅಯಿಟೆ (ayiṭe)
11whoಏರ್ (ērŭ)
12whatಎಂಚಿನ (eñcina)
13whereಒಂಚಿ (oñci)
14whenಏಪ (ēpa)
15howಎಂಚ (eñca)
16notಅತ್ತ್ (attŭ), ಇಜ್ಜಿ (ijji)
17allಮಾತ (māta), ಸರ್ವ (sarva)
18manyಅಜಂತ (ajanta)
19someಕೆಲ (kela)
20fewಕೆಲ (kela)
21otherಇತರ (itara), ಪರ (para)
22oneಒಂಜಿ (oñji)
23twoಎರಡ್ (eraḍŭ), ಇರಡ್ (iraḍŭ), ರಡ್ಡ್ (raḍḍŭ)
24threeಮೂಜಿ (mūji)
25fourನಾಲ್ (nālŭ)
26fiveಅಯಿನ್ (ayinŭ)
27bigಎರು (eru)
28longಉದ್ದ (udda)
29wideಅರ (ara)
30thickಅಲದ್ (aladŭ)
31heavyಗುರು (guru)
32smallಇಟ್ಟಿ (iṭṭi)
33shortಕುದ್ದು (kuddu)
34narrowಇಕ್ಕಟ್ಟ್ (ikkaṭṭŭ)
35thinತೆಲ್ಪು (telpu)
36womanಅಂಗನೆ (aṅgane), ಪೊಣ್ಣು (poṇṇu), ಎಮ್ಮಳು (emmaḷu)
37man (adult male)ಆಂಜವು (āñjavu), ಆಣ್ಜೆವು (āṇjevu), ಆಣ್ಜೋವು (āṇjōvu), ಕುದ್ದಾಯಿದ (kuddāyida)
38man (human being)ಮನುಷ್ಯೆ (manuṣye)
39childಕಂದೆ (kande)
40wifeಬುಡೆದಿ (buḍedi), ಕಳತ್ರ (kaḷatra), ಕಾಂತೆ (kānte), ದಾರ (dāra), ಪತ್ನಿ (patni), ಭಾರ್ಯೆ (bhārye)
41husbandಕನ್ಡನೆ (kanḍane)
42motherಅಪ್ಪೆ (appe)
43fatherಅಮ್ಮೆ (amme)
44animalಪ್ರಾಣಿ (prāṇi)
45fishಮೀನ್ (mīnŭ)
46birdಪಕ್ಕಿ (pakki)
47dogನಾಯಿ (nāyi)
48louseಪೇನ್ (pēnŭ)
49snakeಉಚ್ಚು (uccu)
50wormಪುರಿ (puri)
51treeಮರ (mara)
52forestಕಾಡ್ (kāḍŭ)
53stickಕೋಲ್ (kōlŭ)
54fruitಪರ್ನ್ದ್ (parndŭ)
55seedಬಿತ್ತ್ (bittŭ)
56leafಇರೆ (ire)
57rootಬೇರ್ (bērŭ)
58bark (of a tree)ಚೋಲಿ (cōli)
59flowerಪೂ ()
60grassಪಜಿರ್ (pajirŭ)
61ropeಬಲ್ಲ್ (ballŭ)
62skinಚರ್ಮ (carma)
63meatಮಾಸ (māsa)
64bloodನೆತ್ತೆರ್ (netterŭ)
65boneಎಲು (elu)
66fat (noun)
67eggತೆತ್ತಿ (tetti)
68hornಕೊಂಬು (kombu)
69tailಬೀಲ (bīla)
70featherಸುಯಿ (suyi), ತುಯಿ (tuyi), ತುವಿ (tuvi)
71hairಕುಜಲ್ (kujalŭ)
72headತರೆ (tare), ಮನ್ಡೆ (manḍe)
73earಕೆಬಿ (kebi)
74eyeಕಣ್ಣ್ (kaṇṇŭ)
75noseಮೂಂಕು (mūṅku)
76mouthಬಾಯಿ (bāyi)
77toothಕೂಲಿ (kūli)
78tongue (organ)ನಾಲಯಿ (nālayi)
79fingernailಉಗುರ್ (ugurŭ)
80foot
81legಕಾರ್ (kārŭ)
82knee
83hand
84wing
85belly
86guts
87neck
88back
89breast
90heart
91liver
92to drink
93to eat
94to bite
95to suck
96to spit
97to vomit
98to blow
99to breathe
100to laugh
101to see
102to hear
103to know
104to think
105to smell
106to fear
107to sleep
108to live
109to die
110to kill
111to fight
112to hunt
113to hit
114to cut
115to split
116to stab
117to scratch
118to dig
119to swim
120to fly
121to walk
122to come
123to lie (as in a bed)
124to sit
125to stand
126to turn (intransitive)
127to fall
128to give
129to hold
130to squeeze
131to rub
132to wash
133to wipe
134to pull
135to push
136to throw
137to tie
138to sew
139to count
140to say
141to sing
142to play
143to float
144to flow
145to freeze
146to swell
147sun
148moon
149star
150water
151rain
152river
153lake
154sea
155salt
156stone
157sand
158dust
159earth
160cloud
161fog
162sky
163wind
164snow
165ice
166smoke
167fire
168ash
169to burn
170road
171mountain
172red
173green
174yellow
175white
176black
177night
178day
179year
180warm
181cold
182full
183new
184old
185good
186bad
187rotten
188dirty
189straight
190round
191sharp (as a knife)
192dull (as a knife)
193smooth
194wet
195dry
196correct
197near
198far
199right
200left
201at
202in
203with
204and
205if
206because
207name
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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