來者

Chinese

		to come	‑ist, ‑er (person); person (who does sth)
trad. (來者)		來	者
simp. (来者)		来	者

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): láizhě

  (Zhuyin): ㄌㄞˊ ㄓㄜˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): loi⁴ ze²

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: láizhě
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄞˊ ㄓㄜˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: láijhě
    • Wade–Giles: lai²-chê³
    • Yale: lái-jě
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: laijee
    • Palladius: лайчжэ (lajčžɛ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /laɪ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: loi⁴ ze²
    • Yale: lòih jé
    • Cantonese Pinyin: loi⁴ dze²
    • Guangdong Romanization: loi⁴ zé²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɔːi̯²¹ t͡sɛː³⁵/

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• Middle Chinese: loj tsyaeX

Rime
Character	來	者
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)	章 (23)
Final (韻)	咍 (41)	麻 (100)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	洛哀切	章也切
Baxter	loj	tsyaeX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lʌi/	/t͡ɕiaX/
Pan Wuyun	/ləi/	/t͡ɕiaX/
Shao Rongfen	/lɒi/	/t͡ɕiaX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ləj/	/ciaX/
Li Rong	/lᴀi/	/t͡ɕiaX/
Wang Li	/lɒi/	/t͡ɕĭaX/
Bernard Karlgren	/lɑ̆i/	/t͡ɕi̯aX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lái	zhě
Expected Cantonese Reflex	loi4	ze2

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*mə.rˤək  tAʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*m·rɯːɡ  tjaːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	來	者
Reading #	2/2	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	lái	zhě
Middle Chinese	‹ loj ›	‹ tsyæX ›
Old Chinese	/*mə.rˁək/ (> *rˁə)	/*tAʔ/
English	come	(nominalizing particle)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	來	者
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	7598	16960
Phonetic component	來	者
Rime group	之	魚
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime		者
Old Chinese	/*m·rɯːɡ/	/*tjaːʔ/
Notes		說文古旅聲。甲金文象足印小坎積水， 爲瀦初文，用詹鄞鑫說

Noun

來者

1. (literary) future generations

   • 此人皆意有所鬱結，不得通其道，故述往事，思來者。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     此人皆意有所郁结，不得通其道，故述往事，思来者。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: 1st century BCE, Sima Qian, Letter to Ren An. Translated by Burton Watson.

     Cǐrén jiē yì yǒusuǒ yùjié, bùdé tōng qí dào, gù shù wǎngshì, sī láizhě. [Pinyin]

     All these men had a rankling in their hearts, for they were not able to accomplish what they wished. Therefore they wrote about past affairs in order to pass on their thoughts to future generations.

   • 前不見古人，後不見來者。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     前不见古人，后不见来者。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: c. late 7th century, Chen Zi'ang (陳子昂), On a Gate-Tower at Youzhou (《登幽州臺歌》). English translation by Witter Bynner.

     Qián bùjiàn gǔrén, hòu bùjiàn láizhě. [Pinyin]

     Where, before me, are the ages that have gone?
     And where, behind me, are the coming generations?

2. (literary) the future; future events

   • 楚狂接輿歌而過孔子曰：「鳳兮鳳兮，何德之衰！往者不可諫，來者猶可追。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     楚狂接舆歌而过孔子曰：「凤兮凤兮，何德之衰！往者不可谏，来者犹可追。」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Chǔ kuáng Jiēyú gē ér guò Kǒngzǐ yuē: “Fèng xī fèng xī, hé dé zhī shuāi! Wǎngzhě bùkě jiàn, láizhě yóukě zhuī.” [Pinyin]

     The madman of Chu, Jie Yu, passed by Confucius, singing and saying, "O Feng! O Feng! How is your virtue degenerated! As to the past, reproof is useless; but the future may still be provided against."

   • 悟已往之不諫，知來者之可追。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     悟已往之不谏，知来者之可追。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: 405, Tao Yuanming (陶淵明), Home Again! (《歸去來辭》). English translation by Herbert Allen Giles.

     Wù yǐwǎng zhī bùjiàn, zhī láizhě zhī kězhuī. [Pinyin]

     But I will waste no grief upon the past: I will devote my energies to the future.

3. Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see 來／来 (lái),‎ 者 (zhě).

   來者不拒／来者不拒  ―  láizhěbùjù  ―  to accept all requests; to meet every challenge

   1. (archaic) one coming to pay homage; submitter

      • 敬逆來者，天所福也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
        敬逆来者，天所福也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

        From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4^th century BCE

        Jìng nì láizhě, tiān suǒfú yě. [Pinyin]

        To receive those who come in submission with respect, this is what Heaven would grant favour for.

   2. (archaic) the following; the next in sequence; follow-up

      • 賜也，始可與言《詩》已矣。告諸往，而知來者。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
        赐也，始可与言《诗》已矣。告诸往，而知来者。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

        From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

        Cì yě, shǐ kě yǔ yán “Shī” yǐ yǐ. Gào zhū wǎng, ér zhī láizhě. [Pinyin]

        With one like Ci, I can begin to talk about the Odes. I told him one point, and he knew its proper sequence.

Derived terms

• 來者不拒／来者不拒 (láizhěbùjù)
• 前無古人，後無來者／前无古人，后无来者 (qiánwúgǔrén, hòuwúláizhě)