內卷
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Chinese[edit]
inside; inner; internal inside; inner; internal; within; interior |
chapter; examination paper; to roll (up) chapter; examination paper; to roll (up); to sweep up; to carry on | ||
---|---|---|---|
trad. (內卷/內捲) | 內 | 卷/捲 | |
simp. (内卷) | 内 | 卷 |
Etymology[edit]
Calque of English involution, from its Latin roots. This sense was coined in Agricultural Involution: The Processes of Ecological Change in Indonesia (1963) by Clifford Geertz, as an antonym of evolution, where Geertz observed Javanese and Balinese rice farmers failed to transit from labor-intensive farming to capital-intensive farming, but rather developing intensive competition that does not increase productivity.
Pronunciation[edit]
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄋㄟˋ ㄐㄩㄢˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: nèijyuǎn
- Wade–Giles: nei4-chüan3
- Yale: nèi-jywǎn
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: neyjeuan
- Palladius: нэйцзюань (nɛjczjuanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /neɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕy̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: noi6 gyun2
- Yale: noih gyún
- Cantonese Pinyin: noi6 gyn2
- Guangdong Romanization: noi6 gün2
- Sinological IPA (key): /nɔːi̯²² kyːn³⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
Verb[edit]
內卷
- (economics, social sciences, of a society or nation) to stop developing or progressing despite intense inner competition
- (neologism, slang) to be in a state of increased competition for limited resources, requiring great effort to stay ahead
- (neologism, slang) to study harder or work longer as a result of intense competition among peers