gwrthwynebu
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Welsh
[edit]Etymology
[edit]gwrthwyneb (“opposed to”) + -u, from gwrth (“opposite”, see wrth) + wyneb (“face”)
Pronunciation
[edit]- (North Wales) IPA(key): /ˌɡʊrθwɨ̞ˈnɛbɨ/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /ˌɡʊrθwɪˈneːbi/, /ˌɡʊrθwɪˈnɛbi/
Verb
[edit]gwrthwynebu (first-person singular present gwrthwynebaf)
- to oppose
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation (literary)
| singular | plural | impersonal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |||
| present indicative/future | gwrthwynebaf | gwrthwynebi | gwrthwyneba | gwrthwynebwn | gwrthwynebwch | gwrthwynebant | gwrthwynebir | |
| imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/ conditional |
gwrthwynebwn | gwrthwynebit | gwrthwynebai | gwrthwynebem | gwrthwynebech | gwrthwynebent | gwrthwynebid | |
| preterite | gwrthwynebais | gwrthwynebaist | gwrthwynebodd | gwrthwynebasom | gwrthwynebasoch | gwrthwynebasant | gwrthwynebwyd | |
| pluperfect | gwrthwynebaswn | gwrthwynebasit | gwrthwynebasai | gwrthwynebasem | gwrthwynebasech | gwrthwynebasent | gwrthwynebasid, gwrthwynebesid | |
| present subjunctive | gwrthwynebwyf | gwrthwynebych | gwrthwynebo | gwrthwynebom | gwrthwyneboch | gwrthwynebont | gwrthwyneber | |
| imperative | — | gwrthwyneba | gwrthwynebed | gwrthwynebwn | gwrthwynebwch | gwrthwynebent | gwrthwyneber | |
| verbal noun | gwrthwynebu | |||||||
| verbal adjectives | gwrthwynebedig gwrthwynebadwy | |||||||
Conjugation (colloquial)
| Inflected colloquial forms | singular | plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |
| future | gwrthwyneba i, gwrthwynebaf i | gwrthwynebi di | gwrthwynebith o/e/hi, gwrthwynebiff e/hi | gwrthwynebwn ni | gwrthwynebwch chi | gwrthwyneban nhw |
| conditional | gwrthwynebwn i, gwrthwynebswn i | gwrthwynebet ti, gwrthwynebset ti | gwrthwynebai fo/fe/hi, gwrthwynebsai fo/fe/hi | gwrthwyneben ni, gwrthwynebsen ni | gwrthwynebech chi, gwrthwynebsech chi | gwrthwyneben nhw, gwrthwynebsen nhw |
| preterite | gwrthwynebais i, gwrthwynebes i | gwrthwynebaist ti, gwrthwynebest ti | gwrthwynebodd o/e/hi | gwrthwynebon ni | gwrthwyneboch chi | gwrthwynebon nhw |
| imperative | — | gwrthwyneba | — | — | gwrthwynebwch | — |
| Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh. | ||||||
Derived terms
[edit]- gwrthwynebiad (“opposition”)
- gwrthwynebydd (“opposer”)
Mutation
[edit]| Welsh mutation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
| gwrthwynebu | wrthwynebu | ngwrthwynebu | unchanged |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | |||
Further reading
[edit]- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “gwrthwynebu”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies