šꜣ

See also: sꜣ

Egyptian

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ʃɑ/
  • Conventional anglicization: sha

Noun

 m

1. field
2. countryside
3. swamp where birds or fish can be caught

Inflection

Declension of šꜣ (masculine)

singular	šꜣ
dual	šꜣwj
plural	šꜣw

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of šꜣ  

šꜣ

Noun

 m

1. boar, wild pig

Inflection

Declension of šꜣ (masculine)

singular	šꜣ
dual	šꜣwj
plural	šꜣw

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of šꜣ  

šꜣ	šw

Verb

 2-lit. or 3ae inf.

1. (transitive) to put in order, to establish, to decree, to determine
   • c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 2.4–2.5:

     ḏr.n ḏd.n.f n.sn jr ntt nbt m zẖꜣ ḥr pꜣ šfdw sḏm st mj ḏd.j st (j)m zn ḥꜣw ḥr šꜣꜣt

     In the end he said to them: As for everything in the writing on this scroll, heed it as I say it; don’t exceed what has been set down.

2. (transitive) to decide

Inflection

Conjugation of šꜣ (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: šꜣ, geminated stem: šꜣꜣ

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
šꜣ	šꜣw, šꜣ	šꜣt	šꜣ, j.šꜣ	šꜣ, j.šꜣ

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
šꜣ	ḥr šꜣ	m šꜣ	r šꜣ

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	šꜣ.n	šꜣw, šꜣ	consecutive	šꜣ.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	šꜣt
perfective3	šꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	šꜣ.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	šꜣ, j.šꜣ1	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	šꜣ	šꜣꜣ	potentialis1	šꜣ.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	šꜣ, j.šꜣ1	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	šꜣ.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	šꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2	šꜣ	šꜣꜣ, šꜣꜣj6, šꜣ2, šꜣw2 5, šꜣy2 5
imperfective	j.šꜣ1, šꜣ, šꜣy, šꜣw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	j.šꜣ1, j.šꜣw1 5, šꜣ, šꜣj6, šꜣy6	šꜣ, šꜣw5
prospective	šꜣ, šꜣtj7	—	šꜣtj4, šꜣt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Allen instead apparently treats this as a 3ae-inf. verb šꜣj:

Conjugation of šꜣj (third weak / 3ae inf. / III. inf.) — base stem: šꜣ, geminated stem: šꜣꜣ

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
šꜣt, šꜣj	šꜣw, šꜣ	šꜣt, šꜣwt, šꜣyt	šꜣ	šꜣ, šꜣy

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
šꜣ8, šꜣꜣ8	ḥr šꜣt, ḥr šꜣj	m šꜣt, m šꜣj	r šꜣt, r šꜣj

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	šꜣ.n	šꜣw, šꜣ, šꜣy	consecutive	šꜣ.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	šꜣt, šꜣyt
perfective3	šꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	šꜣ.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	šꜣ, šꜣy	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	šꜣw, šꜣ, šꜣy	šꜣw, šꜣ, šꜣy	potentialis1	šꜣ.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	šꜣ, šꜣy	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	šꜣ.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	šꜣw1, šꜣy, šꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2	šꜣ	šꜣy, šꜣ
imperfective	šꜣꜣ, šꜣꜣy, šꜣꜣw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	šꜣꜣ, šꜣꜣj6, šꜣꜣy6	šꜣꜣ, šꜣꜣw5
prospective	šꜣw1, šꜣy, šꜣ, šꜣtj7	—	šꜣwtj1 4, šꜣtj4, šꜣt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine. Third-person masculine statives of this class often have a final -y instead of the expected stative ending.

References

• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, pages 260–261
• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 171, 254, 374.