گوپال

See also: کوپال

Persian[edit]

Akin to the synonymous Northern Kurdish gopal, kopal, Armenian կոպալ (kopal), Udi кӏовал (ḳoval), Georgian კომბალი (ḳombali), კობალი (ḳobali), კობალა (ḳobala), Laz კოპალი (ǩop̌ali), Mingrelian კოპული (ḳoṗuli), Ossetian къобала (k’obala), къобола (k’obola), Pontic Greek κοπάλι (kopáli), Turkish gobal, gopbal, koppal, kobal, kubal, kopali, Romani kopal (“mallet; washerwoman's beetle”), probably also to Jewish Babylonian Aramaic קולפא (qwlpˀ), גולפא (gwlpˀ, “thick stick, club; blow”), Mandaic [script needed] (gulpa), [script needed] (qulpa), [script needed] (qupla, “rod, club, mace”) and possibly to Ancient Greek κόλαφος (kólaphos).

The origin is uncertain. Perhaps from (kôb-), the present stem of (kôftan, “to beat, strike”), with the same suffix as in (čangâl).^[1]^[2]^[3] Others derive this group of words from Greek: compare Ancient Greek κόπανον (kópanon, “pestle”), Greek κόπανος (kópanos, “pestle; laundry dolly, washing beetle, battledore”), Pontic Greek κοπάνιν (kopánin), κοπάνι (kopáni, “pestle”).^[4]^[5]^[6] A native origin has been suggested for the Kartvelian terms: see Proto-Kartvelian *ḳaṗ-.

(Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [ɡoː.pʰɑ́ːl]
- (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [ɡoː.pʰɑ́ːl]
- (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [ɡʊː.pʰɔ́ːl̥]


Iranian Persian	گوپال
Dari	گوپال
Tajik	кӯпол, гӯпол

گوپال • (gupâl) (plural گوپال‌ها (gupâl-hâ))

club, cudgel, mace
- 10^th Century CE, Ferdowsi, Shahnameh
  سپاهی که دیدند گوپال اوی / بر و مِغفَر و شیرفش یال اوی
  sepâhi ke didand gupâl-e 'uy / bar o meqfar o širfaš yâle 'uy
  The [enemy] army then saw his [formidable] mace, / his [colossal] build, his [mighty] helmet, and his leonine mane of hair

^ Horn, Paul (1898–1901) “Neupersische Schriftsprache [New Persian written language]”, in Geiger, Wilhelm, Kuhn, Ernst, editors, Grundriß der iranischen Philologie [Outline of Iranian Philology] (in German), volume I, part II, Strassburg: K. J. Trübner, page 176
^ Cabolov, R. L. (2001) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ kurdskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Kurdish Language] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Russian Academy Press Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 393, 520
^ Edelʹman, D. I. (2011) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume IV, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 370
^ Tietze, Andreas (1955) “Griechische Lehnwörter im anatolischen Türkisch”, in Oriens (in German), volume 8, number 2, →DOI, § 140, page 227
^ Symeonidis, Charalambos (1973) “Griechische Lehnwörter im Türkischen”, in Balkan Studies‎^[1] (in German), volume 14, § 93, pages 180–181
^ Tzitzilis, Christos (1987) Griechische Lehnwörter im Türkischen (mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der anatolischen Dialekte) (Schriften der Balkan-Kommission, philologische Abteilung; 33)‎^[2] (in German), Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, § 224, page 66