ᛁᛊᛏ

Proto-Norse

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *isti, the third person singular present indicative of *wesaną.

Verb

ᛁᛊᛏ (ist) (3rd singular present indicative)

1. [he/she/it] is
   • c. 5th century, Vetteland stone (N KJ60, NIæR39)

     [ ]ᚠᛚᚨᚷᛞᚨᚠᚨᛁᚲᛁᚾᚨᛉᛁᛊᛏ ¶ [ ]ᛗᚨᚷᛟᛉᛗᛁᚾᚨᛊᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨ ¶ [ ]ᛞᚨᛉᚠᚨᛁᚺᛁᛞᛟ
     [ ]flagdafaikinazist ¶ [ ]magozminasstaina ¶ [ ]dazfaihido

     flagdafaikinaz ist ¶ magōz mīnas staina ¶ [Ek, -]daz faihidō

     is menaced by fiends. ¶ [I, N.N., set] my son's stone. ¶ [I, -]daz, painted.

Inflection

The following forms are attested:

• 3rd singular present indicative – ᛁᛊᛏ (ist /⁠ist⁠/)
• 3rd singular past indicative – ᚹᚨᛊ (was /⁠was⁠/)

Descendants

• Old Norse: es, later er
  • Icelandic: er
  • Faroese: er
  • Norwegian:
    • Norwegian Bokmål: er
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: er
  • Jamtish: er
  • Elfdalian: ir
  • Old Swedish: ær
    • Swedish: är
  • Danish: er
  • Old Gutnish: ier