在許

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Chinese[edit]

to be at there; that place
trad. (在許) 在 許
simp. (在许) 在 许
alternative forms
 
辣海
勒海
垃海
勒哈
啦嗨
辣海
勒海
垃海
勒哈
啦嗨
辣嗨
辣許／辣许
啦許／啦许
勒許／勒许
拉嗨
拉海
來海／来海

Etymology[edit]

First syllable from a lenited form of 在 (MC dzojX|dzojH) (Qian, 1997).

The second syllable likely resulted from an irregular reflex of 許 (MC xjoX) > *he (Fu & Zhengzhang, 2015) (Qian, 1997) which has developed usages as determiners or pronoun plural suffixes in various Wu varieties. Compare Wenzhounese 許／许 (3hi, 3hei, 3he, 3shi, “that”), Wenling Taizhounese 我許／我许 (3ngo-he3, “we”), Shanghainese 壗頭／壗头 (5he-deu6, “over there at...”), etc.

The aspect marker senses are part of a commonplace semantic derivation in Wu and some of Gan, whereby preposition-demonstrative phrases come to be grammaticalized as stative verb markers (Qian, 1997).

Pronunciation[edit]

  • Wu (Wugniu)
    • (Northern): 6le-he5; 6la-he5; 8laq-he5; 8leq-he5 / 6le-he1; 8leq-he1 / 8leq-ha1 / 2le-he5; 8laq-he5

Verb[edit]

在許 (Wu)

  1. to be (somewhere), to be in, to exist
    我在許圖書館裡向。 [Shanghainese, trad.]
    我在许图书馆里向。 [Shanghainese, simp.]
    6ngu 8laq-he5 6du-sy1-kuoe5 6li-shian [Wugniu]
    I am in the library.
  2. Used to indicate the continuous aspect.
    儂在許等啥人啊？ [Shanghainese, trad.]
    侬在许等啥人啊？ [Shanghainese, simp.]
    6non 8laq-he5 5ten 5sa-gnin6-gha0 [Wugniu]
    Who are you waiting for?
    小女孩勒哈大人面前牽絲扳藤。 [Hangzhounese, trad.]
    小女孩勒哈大人面前牵丝扳藤。 [Hangzhounese, simp.]
    3shiau 2niu-ghe3 8leq-ha1 6do-zen2 6mien-jien2 1chien-sy1-paen1-den2 [Wugniu]
    The girl is acting cute in front of the adults.
    儂活在許末浪費空氣，死脫末浪費土地，我乃搭儂見氣也是浪費辰光，豪𢜶滾開！ [Shanghainese, trad.]
    侬活在许末浪费空气，死脱末浪费土地，我乃搭侬见气也是浪费辰光，豪𢜶滚开！ [Shanghainese, simp.]
    6non 8weq-laq-he-meq 6laon-fi 1khon-chi 5shi-theq-meq 6laon-fi 5thu-di 6ngu 6ne 7taq-non 5ci-chi 6gha 6zy 6laon-fi 6zen-kuaon 6ghau-sau 5kuen 1khe [Wugniu]
    You're a waste of air alive and waste of soil dead, me talking to you right now is a waste of time, now fuck off!
  3. (when placed at the end of a sentence) Used to indicate the perfective aspect.
    我就一家頭活在許，嘸沒一個人好交我講講閒話，一直等到有一趟子撒哈拉沙漠裡出仔故障，大概有六年個事體。 [Shanghainese, trad.]
    我就一家头活在许，呒没一个人好交我讲讲闲话，一直等到有一趟子撒哈拉沙漠里出仔故障，大概有六年个事体。 [Shanghainese, simp.]
    6ngu 6zhieu 7iq-ka-deu 8weq-laq-he 6m-meq 7iq-gheq 6gnin 5hau 1kau 6ngu 5kaon-kaon 6ghe-gho 7iq-zeq 5ten-tau 6yeu 7iq-thaon-tsy 5sa-ha-la 1so-moq 6li 7tsheq-tsy 5ku-tsaon 6da-ke 6yeu 8loq-gni-gheq 6zy-thi [Wugniu]
    So I lived my life alone, without anyone that I could really talk to, until I had an accident with my plane in the Desert of Sahara, six years ago.

Usage notes[edit]

When placed at the end of a sentence, glottalized pronunciations are preferred. The compound tends attatch onto the preceding term.

This orthography is an etymological spelling that can be applied to all lects. However, its usage may be limited, and phonetic spellings, such as 辣海, 勒海, 垃海, and 勒哈 (in Hangzhounese), may be preferred instead.

Synonyms[edit]
  • (at):
Dialectal synonyms of 在 (“at, in”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 於
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 在
Mandarin Beijing 在, 挨, 跟, 的
Taiwan 在
Harbin 在
Jinan 在, 從
Wanrong 在
Xi'an 在
Ürümqi 在
Wuhan 在
Chengdu 在
Guiyang 在
Guilin 在
Liuzhou 在
Yangzhou 在
Nanjing 在
Hefei 在
Rugao 吖
Malaysia 在
Singapore 在
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 在
Cantonese Guangzhou 喺, 響
Hong Kong 喺, 響
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 喺, 在
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 喺, 響
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 在
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 在
Macau 喺
Guangzhou (Panyu) 喺, 響
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 響, 喺
Guangzhou (Conghua) 在
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 在
Foshan 喺, 響
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 喺, 響
Foshan (Shunde) 喺
Foshan (Sanshui) 喺
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 喺, 響
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 在
Zhuhai (Qianshan) 在
Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) 響, 揀
Zhuhai (Doumen) 揀
Jiangmen (Baisha) 喺
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 喺
Taishan 到, 響
Kaiping (Chikan) 到, 響
Enping (Niujiang) 到, 響
Heshan (Yayao) 響
Dongguan 響, 在, 喺
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 在
Yangjiang 在
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 喺, 響
Singapore (Guangfu) 喺
Gan Nanchang 在
Lichuan 在
Pingxiang 在
Hakka Meixian 嗨
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 在
Dongguan (Qingxi) 在
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 在
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 在
Conghua (Lütian) 在
Yudu 在
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 在
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 在
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 在
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 在
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 在
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 在
Hong Kong 在
Senai (Huiyang) 在
Kuching (Hepo) 在
Singapore (Dabu) 在
Jin Taiyuan 在
Xinzhou 在
Northern Min Jian'ou 到
Eastern Min Fuzhou 著, 在, 洽
Fuqing 著, 洽
Singapore (Fuqing) 著
Southern Min Xiamen 佇, 踮, 蹛
Quanzhou 佇, 踮, 蹛
Zhangzhou 佇, 咧, 蹛
Zhao'an 佇, 蹛
Taipei 佇
New Taipei (Sanxia) 佇
Kaohsiung 佇
Yilan 佇
Changhua (Lukang) 佇
Taichung 佇
Tainan 佇, 踮, 蹛
Hsinchu 佇
Kinmen 佇
Penghu (Magong) 佇
Penang (Hokkien) 佇, 蹛
Singapore (Hokkien) 佇, 壏
Manila (Hokkien) 佇, 踮
Chaozhou 在
Shantou 在
Shantou (Chenghai) 在
Shantou (Chaoyang) 在
Jieyang 在, 壏, 放
Haifeng 著
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 在
Singapore (Teochew) 在, 壏
Leizhou 佇, 放
Wenchang 佇
Singapore (Hainanese) 佇
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 在
Wu Shanghai 垃, 垃垃, 垃拉, 垃海, 垃該, 垃浪
Shanghai (Xinzhuang, Minhang) 拉
Shanghai (Songjiang) 立垃, 勒嵌
Shanghai (Chuansha, Pudong) 垃, 垃垃
Shanghai (Nanhui, Pudong) 垃該
Shanghai (Fengxian) 垃該
Shanghai (Jinshan) 有垃, 垃該
Shanghai (Qingpu) 勒拉
Shanghai (Jiading) 勒, 浪, 勒浪, 勒搭
Shanghai (Chongming) 勒勒, 勒
Suzhou 勒, 勒勒, 勒裡, 勒海, 勒浪, 勒篤
Suzhou (Shengze, Wujiang) 勒, 勒海, 勒拉, 勒浪
Wuxi 勒, 來勒, 勒娘, 勒裡
Changshu 勒笃, 勒裡, 勒海, 勒浪
Kunshan 勒, 勒浪, 勒海
Qidong 勒
Qidong (Lüsi) 在, 來, 來該
Haimen 勒, 勒特, 勒海, 勒勒
Haimen (Sijia) 來, 來到
Rudong 勒, 勒勒
Pinghu 勒, 勒海, 勒浪, 勒化, 來, 來海, 來浪, 來化
Haining (Xiashi) 有起霍, 有起, 有垃, 起勒, 起, 勒, 起霍
Haiyan 勒, 勒勒
Changzhou 勒, 勒蕩, 勒娘, 勒頭, 漏
Liyang 立
Jintan 在, 則
Danyang 在, 則
Jingjiang 來, 勒
Jiangyin 勒, 勒勒
Gaochun 來, 拉, 垃, 得, 擱
Huzhou 拉
Deqing 垃, 垃好, 來該, 來東, 拉好, 有好
Deqing (Geting) 拉
Hangzhou 勒, 勒哈, 來搭, 來東, 在
Hangzhou (Lin'an) 來, 來埭, 來同
Hangzhou (Fuyang) 勒, 勒裡, 勒帶, 勒底
Hangzhou (Xiaoshan) 來帶, 來東, 來夯, 帶, 東, 夯
Tonglu 來, 來裡, 來夯
Shaoxing 來帶, 來埭, 來東, 來同, 來夯, 帶, 埭, 東, 同, 夯
Shaoxing (Keqiao) 來帶, 來東, 來夯, 帶, 東, 夯
Zhuji 來克, 來客, 勒克, 勒客, 克, 客
Shengzhou 來, 來帶, 來東, 來夯
Xinchang 來固, 來蒙, 來頭
Ningbo 來, 來勒, 來的, 來對, 來東, 來當, 來該
Ningbo (Zhenhai) 來
Ningbo (Beilun) 來, 來該, 來的, 來對, 來當
Ningbo (Yinzhou) 立該, 來, 來的, 來該
Yuyao 來, 得, 來浪
Ninghai 來的
Zhoushan (Dinghai) 勒
Wenzhou 是
Xiang Changsha 在
Loudi 在
Shuangfeng 在
  • (in the process of):
Dialectal synonyms of 正在 (“in the process of; currently”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 正在, 刻正
Mandarin Beijing 正在, 在
Taiwan 正在, 在
Guilin 在
Malaysia 正在, 在
Singapore 正在, 在
Cantonese Guangzhou 喺度, 喺處, 響度, 響處
Hong Kong 喺度, 喺處, 響度, 響處
Singapore (Guangfu) 喺度
Hakka Miaoli (N. Sixian) 當, 在該, 當在
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 當, 在該
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 當, 在該
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 當, 在該
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 當, 在該
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 正在, 在遐
Eastern Min Fuzhou 著𡅏, 𡅏
Fuqing 著𡅏
Singapore (Fuqing) 著𡅏
Southern Min Xiamen 佇咧, 咧, 當咧, 拄咧, 拄佇咧
Quanzhou 佇咧, 咧, 當咧, 拄咧, 拄佇咧
Zhangzhou 咧, 當咧, 拄咧, 當時
Tainan 佇咧, 咧, 當咧
Penang (Hokkien) 佇
Singapore (Hokkien) 佇, 佇咧
Manila (Hokkien) 佇咧, 咧
Shantou 在
Shantou (Chaoyang) 在
Singapore (Teochew) 在
Wu Shanghai 垃, 垃垃, 垃拉, 垃海, 垃該
Ningbo 來, 來的, 來該, 來當, 來東, 來勒
Wenzhou 是, 是搭
Dialectal synonyms of 著 (“(particle indicating the continuation of an action or a state)”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 著
Mandarin Beijing 著
Taiwan 著
Harbin 著
Yantai (Muping) 著
Jinan 著
Wanrong 著
Xi'an 著
Wuhan 倒
Guiyang 倒
Guilin 倒
Liuzhou 倒, 穩
Xuzhou 著
Nanjing 著
Singapore 著
Cantonese Guangzhou 緊
Hong Kong 緊
Singapore (Guangfu) 緊
Gan Nanchang 倒
Hakka Meixian 等
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 等
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 等
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 等
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 緊
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 等
Kuching (Hepo) 緊
Jin Taiyuan 著
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 緊
Wu Shanghai 勒海, 勒該
Ningbo 的, 該, 當, 東, 仔, 勒眼
Zhoushan 底, 的 rare, 該, 當, 仔, 勒眼

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