夭折

Chinese

		tender; gentle; to die prematurely	tenth (in price); to break; to fold tenth (in price); to break; to fold; to turn; broken (as of rope, stick)
simp. and trad. (夭折)		夭	折

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): yāozhé, yǎozhé

  (Zhuyin): ㄧㄠ ㄓㄜˊ, ㄧㄠˇ ㄓㄜˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): jiu² zit³, jiu¹ zit³
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yêu-chat
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): iau-chiat / iáu-chiat

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: yāozhé
    • Zhuyin: ㄧㄠ ㄓㄜˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: yaojhé
    • Wade–Giles: yao¹-chê²
    • Yale: yāu-jé
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: iaujer
    • Palladius: яочжэ (jaočžɛ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤ³⁵/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, literary)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: yǎozhé
    • Zhuyin: ㄧㄠˇ ㄓㄜˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: yǎojhé
    • Wade–Giles: yao³-chê²
    • Yale: yǎu-jé
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yeaujer
    • Palladius: яочжэ (jaočžɛ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂɤ³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: jiu² zit³, jiu¹ zit³
    • Yale: yíu jit, yīu jit
    • Cantonese Pinyin: jiu² dzit⁸, jiu¹ dzit⁸
    • Guangdong Romanization: yiu² jid³, yiu¹ jid³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jiːu̯³⁵ t͡siːt̚³/, /jiːu̯⁵⁵ t͡siːt̚³/

Note: jiu1 zit3 - common variant.

• Hakka
  • (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yêu-chat
    • Hakka Romanization System: ieu´ zad`
    • Hagfa Pinyim: yeu<sup>1</sup> zad<sup>5</sup>
    • Sinological IPA: /i̯eu̯²⁴ t͡sat̚²/
  • (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yêu-chat
    • Hakka Romanization System: (r)ieu´ zad`
    • Hagfa Pinyim: yeu¹ zad⁵
    • Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯eu̯²⁴ t͡sat̚²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iau-chiat
    • Tâi-lô: iau-tsiat
    • Phofsit Daibuun: iauciad
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /iau⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siɛt̚³²/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /iau³³ t͡siɛt̚⁵/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iáu-chiat
    • Tâi-lô: iáu-tsiat
    • Phofsit Daibuun: iawciad
    • IPA (Taipei): /iau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɛt̚³²/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /iau⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɛt̚³²/

Verb

夭折

1. to die young
2. (figuratively) to come to a premature end; to be short-lived; to be aborted prematurely

Synonyms

• (die young):

• 夭壽／夭寿 (yāoshòu)
• 夭壽死／夭寿死 (Quanzhou Hokkien)
• 夭逝 (literary)
• 夭閼／夭阏 (yǎo'è)
• 早夭
• 早死 (zǎosǐ)
• 短命 (duǎnmìng)

 

Japanese

Kanji in this term
夭	折
よう Hyōgaiji	せつ Grade: 4
on’yomi	kan’on

Etymology

*/euset/ → /eusetu/ → /joːset͡su/

From Middle Chinese 夭折 (MC 'jewX tsyet, literally “die young + die young”).

First cited to a text from 756 CE.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) よーせつ [yòósétsú] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [jo̞ːse̞t͡sɨᵝ]

Noun

夭(よう)折(せつ) • (yōsetsu) ^{←えうせつ (eusetu)?}

1. [from 756] (literary) a premature death, dying while still young

Synonyms

• 若(わか)死(じ)に (wakajini)
• 夭(よう)逝(せい) (yōsei)

Verb

夭(よう)折(せつ)する • (yōsetsu suru) ^{←えうせつ (eusetu)?}intransitive suru (stem 夭(よう)折(せつ)し (yōsetsu shi), past 夭(よう)折(せつ)した (yōsetsu shita))

1. [from 756] (literary) to die prematurely, to die while still young

Conjugation

Conjugation of "夭折する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	夭折し	ようせつし	yōsetsu shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	夭折し	ようせつし	yōsetsu shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	夭折する	ようせつする	yōsetsu suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	夭折する	ようせつする	yōsetsu suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	夭折すれ	ようせつすれ	yōsetsu sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	夭折せよ¹ 夭折しろ²	ようせつせよ¹ ようせつしろ²	yōsetsu seyo¹ yōsetsu shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	夭折される	ようせつされる	yōsetsu sareru
Causative	夭折させる 夭折さす	ようせつさせる ようせつさす	yōsetsu saseru yōsetsu sasu
Potential	夭折できる	ようせつできる	yōsetsu dekiru
Volitional	夭折しよう	ようせつしよう	yōsetsu shiyō
Negative	夭折しない	ようせつしない	yōsetsu shinai
Negative continuative	夭折せず	ようせつせず	yōsetsu sezu
Formal	夭折します	ようせつします	yōsetsu shimasu
Perfective	夭折した	ようせつした	yōsetsu shita
Conjunctive	夭折して	ようせつして	yōsetsu shite
Hypothetical conditional	夭折すれば	ようせつすれば	yōsetsu sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Korean

Hanja in this term
夭	折

Noun

夭折 • (yojeol) (hangeul 요절)

1. Hanja form^? of 요절 (“premature death”).