불구하다
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Korean[edit]
Etymology[edit]
불구(不拘) (bulgu) + 하다 (-hada, “to do”, light verb deriving active verbs).
Pronunciation[edit]
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [puɭɡuɦa̠da̠]
- Phonetic hangul: [불구하다]
| Romanizations | |
|---|---|
| Revised Romanization? | bulguhada |
| Revised Romanization (translit.)? | bulguhada |
| McCune–Reischauer? | pulguhada |
| Yale Romanization? | pul.kwuhata |
Verb[edit]
불구하다 • (bulguhada) (infinitive 불구해 or 불구하여, sequential 불구하니)
- (intransitive) to be despite something; nonetheless
Usage notes[edit]
- Often used adverbially in the structure X 에도 불구하고, Y: "despite X, Y." Overuse of this structure is typically considered a sign of translationese from European languages.
Conjugation[edit]
| Sentence-final forms | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal non-polite (해라체) |
Informal non-polite (해체) |
Informal polite (해요체) |
Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 불구한다 bulguhanda |
불구해 bulguhae |
불구해요 bulguhaeyo |
불구합니다 bulguhamnida |
| Past | 불구했다 bulguhaetda |
불구했어 bulguhaesseo |
불구했어요 bulguhaesseoyo |
불구했습니다 bulguhaetseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 불구하느냐 bulguhaneunya |
불구해 bulguhae |
불구해요 bulguhaeyo |
불구합니까 bulguhamnikka |
| Past | 불구했느냐 bulguhaenneunya |
불구했어 bulguhaesseo |
불구했어요 bulguhaesseoyo |
불구했습니까 bulguhaetseumnikka | |
| Hortative | 불구하자 bulguhaja |
불구해 bulguhae |
불구해요 bulguhaeyo |
불구하십시다 bulguhasipsida | |
| Imperative | 불구해라, 불구하여라 bulguhaera, bulguhayeora |
불구해 bulguhae |
불구해요 bulguhaeyo |
불구합시오 bulguhapsio | |
| Assertive | 불구하겠다 bulguhagetda |
불구하겠어 bulguhagesseo |
불구하겠어요 bulguhagesseoyo |
불구하겠습니다 bulguhagetseumnida | |
| Connective forms | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 불구해 bulguhae |
불구해서, 불구하여서 bulguhaeseo, bulguhayeoseo |
불구하니 bulguhani |
불구하니까 bulguhanikka | |
| Contrast | 불구하지만 bulguhajiman |
불구하는데 bulguhaneunde |
불구하더니 bulguhadeoni |
||
| Conjunction | 불구하고 bulguhago |
||||
| Condition | 불구하면 bulguhamyeon |
불구해야, 불구하여야 bulguhaeya, bulguhayeoya |
|||
| Motive | 불구하려고 bulguharyeogo |
||||
| Noun and determiner forms | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 불구함 bulguham |
불구하기 bulguhagi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 불구했음, 불구하였음 bulguhaesseum, bulguhayeosseum |
불구했기, 불구하였기 bulguhaetgi, bulguhayeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Past | 불구한 bulguhan | |||
| Present | 불구하는 bulguhaneun | ||||
| Future | 불구할 bulguhal | ||||
| Sentence-final forms with honorific | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal non-polite (해라체) |
Informal non-polite (해체) |
Informal polite (해요체) |
Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 불구하신다 bulguhasinda |
불구하셔 bulguhasyeo |
불구하세요, 불구하셔요 bulguhaseyo, bulguhasyeoyo |
불구하십니다 bulguhasimnida |
| Past | 불구하셨다 bulguhasyeotda |
불구하셨어 bulguhasyeosseo |
불구하셨어요 bulguhasyeosseoyo |
불구하셨습니다 bulguhasyeotseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 불구하시느냐 bulguhasineunya |
불구하셔 bulguhasyeo |
불구하세요, 불구하셔요 bulguhaseyo, bulguhasyeoyo |
불구하십니까 bulguhasimnikka |
| Past | 불구하셨느냐 bulguhasyeonneunya |
불구하셨어 bulguhasyeosseo |
불구하셨어요 bulguhasyeosseoyo |
불구하셨습니까 bulguhasyeotseumnikka | |
| Imperative | 불구하시라 bulguhasira |
불구하셔 bulguhasyeo |
불구하세요 bulguhaseyo |
불구하십시오 bulguhasipsio | |
| Assertive | 불구하시겠다 bulguhasigetda |
불구하시겠어 bulguhasigesseo |
불구하시겠어요 bulguhasigesseoyo |
불구하시겠습니다 bulguhasigetseumnida | |
| Connective forms with honorific | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 불구하셔 bulguhasyeo |
불구하셔서 bulguhasyeoseo |
불구하시니 bulguhasini |
불구하시니까 bulguhasinikka | |
| Contrast | 불구하시지만 bulguhasijiman |
불구하시는데 bulguhasineunde |
불구하시더니 bulguhasideoni |
||
| Conjunction | 불구하시고 bulguhasigo |
||||
| Condition | 불구하시면 bulguhasimyeon |
불구하셔야 bulguhasyeoya |
|||
| Motive | 불구하시려고 bulguhasiryeogo |
||||
| Noun and determiner forms with honorific | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 불구하심 bulguhasim |
불구하시기 bulguhasigi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 불구하셨음 bulguhasyeosseum |
불구하셨기 bulguhasyeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Past | 불구하신 bulguhasin | |||
| Present | 불구하시는 bulguhasineun | ||||
| Future | 불구하실 bulguhasil | ||||