-er-

See also: Appendix:Variations of "er"

Dutch

Etymology

Originally the plural ending of those nouns.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ər/

Interfix

-er-

1. interfix used in compounds after certain neuter nouns with a plural on -eren

   kindertaal

Derived terms

Dutch terms interfixed with -er-

Esperanto

Pronunciation

• Audio

  (file)

Suffix

-er-

1. Root form of -ero

French

Etymology

Added before various suffixes (especially -ole and -on, but also sometimes -elle, -et, -ette, -eau, by analogy to or mistaken division of other words which end in erole, eron, ereau, etc, where the er was part of the first element (e.g. fougerolle, fougerole, from fougère + -ole) or the entire word was borrowed from another language such as Italian (e.g. muserole, muserolle, from Italian museruola).

Interfix

-er-

1. used before various noun-forming suffixes

   -erelle (coquerelle), -eret (coqueret), -erette (collerette), -ereau (poétereau), -erole (èverole), -eron (laideron)

Derived terms

French terms interfixed with -er-

Further reading

• Thomas S. Thomov, Morphologie du français moderne (1960), page 28
• Romance Philology (1969), volume 23, page 298: "-erole ← -er- (< -ÅR) + -ole ( < -EOLU): maierole. A lengthened var. of -ole, this suffix appears in the late Middle Ages, formed through “false division”, namely the secondary rapprochement of, say, bannerole (banniere + -ole) or casserole with ban- or cass-. Is the -er- […] intercalated for rhythmic of differentiatory purposes? This "interfix" conveys no semantic message: It simply serves as an occasionally handy grammatical tool."
• Nicol Christopher William Spence, The Structure(s) of French (1996), page 95: "Some suffixes have reinforced variants: for instance, -et is expanded to -elet in verdelet, -on to -eron in moucheron, and -er to -eter in bec > becqueter. The suffix -ie has a reinforced variant -erie (cf. bouffonnerie, pédanterie) on the model of the many words in -erie where the suffix had been added to a word ending in -(i)er (boulanger, épicier, laitier, etc). By analogy with a number of other nouns, adjectives and verb-forms, a linking -t- [t] or -ll- [j] is often inserted between a lexeme ending in a vowel and the suffix: cf. bureau > bureautique [...]"
• Laurie Bauer, English Word-Formation (1983), page 19: "Similarly, the suffix -eron which could once be used in French to form a word for the person who carries out an action (e.g. forg-er 'to forge' > forg-eron 'smith') is now no longer productive, and the suffix -eur (e.g. forg-er 'to forge' > forg-eur 'forger') is used productively in its place (Guilbert, 1975: 178-9)."

German

Interfix

-er-

1. used to link elements in some compounds

Derived terms

German terms interfixed with -er-

Ido

Suffix

-er-

1. Root form of -ero

Indonesian

Etymology

From Malay -er-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ər]

Infix

-er-

1. Used to form a noun (a tool).

   suling → seruling

2. Used to form a noun (which has, contains, or is characteristic).

   gigi → gerigi

3. Used to form a verb (repeated, having repetition, or continuous).

   gesek → geresek

4. Used to form a verb(which has, contains, or is characteristic).

   kontang → kerontang

Derived terms

Indonesian terms infixed with -er-

Further reading

• “-er-” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

Malay

Alternative forms

• -r-

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ər/

Infix

-er- (no longer productive)

1. Used to form a noun (a tool).

   suling → seruling

2. Used to form a noun (which has, contains, or is characteristic).

   gigi → gerigi

3. Used to form a verb (repeated, having repetition, or continuous).

   gesek → geresek

4. Used to form a verb(which has, contains, or is characteristic).

   kontang → kerontang

Derived terms

Malay terms infixed with -er-