Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/hamara

This Proto-Finnic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Finnic

Etymology

From Proto-Finno-Permic *šamᴈ. Cognate with Erzya чов (čov), човонэ (čovone) and Moksha шов (šov). Possibly related to Proto-Germanic *hamaraz; both directions of loan, from and into Proto-Germanic, have been proposed. Hyllested speculates on an Indo-European source related to Proto-Balto-Slavic *kā́ˀmō but with regular satemization (compare the survival of doublets like Lithuanian akmuõ, ašmuõ). Alternatively, the Finno-Permic/West Uralic could derive from the Pre-West Uralic agricultural substrate.

Noun

*hamara

1. poll, butt (part of the head of an axe)
2. spine, back (of a knife)

Inflection

Inflection of *hamara

Note: The Proto-Finnic declension system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility.
		singular	plural
nominative		*hamara	*hamarat
accusative		*hamaran	*hamarat
genitive		*hamaran	*hamaradën *hamaroidën
partitive		*hamarata	*hamaroita
inessive		*hamarassa *hamarahna	*hamaroissa *hamaroihna
elative		*hamarasta	*hamaroista
illative		*hamarasën	*hamaroisën
adessive		*hamaralla	*hamaroilla
ablative		*hamaralta	*hamaroilta
allative		*hamaralën *hamaralëk	*hamaroilën *hamaroilëk
essive		*hamarana	*hamaroina
translative		*hamaraksi	*hamaroiksi
instructive		*hamaran	*hamaroin
comitative		*hamaranëk	*hamaroinëk
abessive		*hamaratta	*hamaroitta

Descendants

• Finnish: hamara
• Ingrian: hamara
• Karelian: hamara
• Livvi: hamar
• Ludian: hamar
• Veps: hamar
• Võro: hamar, hammar
• → Proto-Samic: *šëmērē
• →? Proto-Germanic: *hamaraz

References

• Hyllested, Adam (2014) Word Exchange at the Gates of Europe: Five Millennia of Language Contact (Thesis)‎^[1], Det Humanistiske Fakultet, Københavns Universitet