Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skuldiz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

• *skulþiz

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈskul.diz/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-European *skéltis, from Proto-Indo-European *skel- (“to be obliged, be beholden to, owe, be guilty”), equivalent to Proto-Germanic *skulaną (“to be obligated, owe”) +‎ *-þiz. Cognate with Lithuanian kaltė (“guilt”).

Noun

*skuldiz f

1. obligation
2. debt
3. fault, blame, guilt

Inflection

i-stemDeclension of *skuldiz (i-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*skuldiz	*skuldīz
vocative	*skuldi	*skuldīz
accusative	*skuldį	*skuldinz
genitive	*skuldīz	*skuldijǫ̂
dative	*skuldī	*skuldimaz
instrumental	*skuldī	*skuldimiz

Synonyms

• *skuldaz

Derived terms

• *skuldīgaz
• *skuldigōną
• *skuldōną

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *skuldi
  • Old English: sċyld, sċyldu
    • Middle English: schuld, shild
      • English: shild
  • Old Frisian: skeld
    • North Frisian: schild
    • Saterland Frisian: Skeeld
  • Old Saxon: *skuld, sculd
    • Middle Low German: schuld, schülde
      • German Low German: Schuld, Schüld
  • Old Dutch: skult
    • Middle Dutch: scult, scout
      • Dutch: schuld
        • Afrikaans: skuld
  • Old High German: *skuld, sculd, scult, sculda, sculta
    • Middle High German: schult, schulde
      • German: Schuld
        • → Esperanto: ŝuldo
      • Luxembourgish: Schold
      • Yiddish: שולד (shuld)
• Old Norse: skuld, Skuld, skyld
  • Icelandic: skuld
  • Faroese: skuld
  • Norwegian: skuld, skyld
  • Old Swedish: skuld, skyld
    • Swedish: skuld, skull
  • Danish: skyld
  • → Scots: skuld, sculd, skyld

Etymology 2

Derived from *skulaną (“to owe”).

Adjective

*skuldiz

1. bound, obliged

Inflection

Declension of *skuldiz (i-stem)

strong declension
	masculine		feminine		neuter
	singular	plural	singular	plural	singular	plural
nominative	*skuldiz	*skuldijai	*skuldī	*skuldijôz	*skuldį, *-jatō	*skuldijō
accusative	*skuldijanǭ	*skuldijanz	*skuldijǭ	*skuldijōz	*skuldį, *-jatō	*skuldijō
genitive	*skuldijas, *skuldīs	*skuldijaizǫ̂	*skuldijaizōz	*skuldijaizǫ̂	*skuldijas, *skuldīs	*skuldijaizǫ̂
dative	*skuldijammai	*skuldijaimaz	*skuldijaizōi	*skuldijaimaz	*skuldijammai	*skuldijaimaz
instrumental	*skuldijanō	*skuldijaimiz	*skuldijaizō	*skuldijaimiz	*skuldijanō	*skuldijaimiz
weak declension
	masculine		feminine		neuter
	singular	plural	singular	plural	singular	plural
nominative	*skuldijô	*skuldijaniz	*skuldijǭ	*skuldijōniz	*skuldijô	*skuldijōnō
accusative	*skuldijanų	*skuldijanunz	*skuldijōnų	*skuldijōnunz	*skuldijô	*skuldijōnō
genitive	*skuldīniz	*skuldijanǫ̂	*skuldijōniz	*skuldijōnǫ̂	*skuldīniz	*skuldijanǫ̂
dative	*skuldīni	*skuldijammaz	*skuldijōni	*skuldijōmaz	*skuldīni	*skuldijammaz
instrumental	*skuldīnē	*skuldijammiz	*skuldijōnē	*skuldijōmiz	*skuldīnē	*skuldijammiz

Descendants

• Old Norse: skyldr
  • Icelandic: skyldur
  • Old Swedish: skylder