Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/Hácwā

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

Presumably from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háćwanā ~ *Hćunás, from Proto-Indo-European *Héḱ-wō ~ *Hḱ-unés, possibly from *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”), compare *h₂éḱmō (“stone”), and perhaps Hittite [script needed] (^NA4hé-kur /⁠^NA4hekur⁠/, “rock-temple”).

A merger likely occured with the descendants of *Hácwr̥ ~ *Hcwán (“ploughshare”), whence Ossetian ӕфсӕн (æfsæn, “ploughshare”), Middle Persian 𐫃𐫀𐫇 𐫀𐫀𐫍𐫇𐫗 (gʾw ʾʾhwn /⁠gāwāhun⁠/, “ploughshare”), Central Kurdish گاسن (gasn, “ploughshare”), derived from the same root.

Noun

*Hácwā ~ *Hcunáh m

1. iron, ironstone

Derived terms

• *Hácwanyah (“of iron”) (+ *-yah)
  • Proto-Scythian: *aswani (see there for further descendants)
  • Khwarezmian: [script needed] (ʾspny), [script needed] (sbny /⁠(ə)spanī⁠/, “iron; of iron”)
  • Sogdian: ܣܦܝܢ sg (spyn /⁠(ə)spen, (ə)span⁠/), [Syriac needed] pl (spyntʾ, “iron; iron fetter; chain”)
    • ⇒ Sogdian: ܣܦܢܝܩ (spnyq), [Syriac needed] (sfnyq /⁠spanīk, sfanīk⁠/, “iron; of iron”)
  • Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾsyn'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾhyn' /⁠āsēn, āhēn⁠/)
    • ⇒ Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾsynyn' /⁠āhēnēn⁠/, “iron; of iron”)
• *Háyahcwanah (+ *Háyah (“iron, metal”))
  • Proto-Scythian: *ēswani
    • Proto-Saka-Wakhi: *ēśwani
      • Proto-Saka: *hēśśani
        • Khotanese: [script needed] (hīśśanä)
      • Wakhi: išn, yišn
• *HcwánayHnah (“of iron”) (+ *-ayHnah)
  • Old Avestan: *spanaēna
    • ⇒ Old Avestan: *haospanaēna (literally “of good iron”) (+ 𐬵𐬎- (hu-))
      • Younger Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬊𐬯𐬀𐬟𐬥𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬀 f (haosafnaēna, “of steel”)
  • Khwarezmian: [script needed] (spnynk)
  • Sogdian: 𐼀𐼑𐼔𐼎𐼀𐼊𐼏 (ʾspnʾyn /⁠(ə)spanēn⁠/, “iron; of iron”)
    • ⇒ Sogdian: (/⁠(ə)spanēnč⁠/, “iron; of iron”)

      Manichaean script: 𐫘𐫛𐫗𐫏𐫗𐫝 (spnync), 𐫘𐫛𐫗𐫏𐫗𐫝𐫀 (spnyncʾ)

      Syriac script: [Syriac needed] (spnync), [Syriac needed] (spnyncʾ)

    • ⇒ Sogdian: (/⁠(ə)spanēnē⁠/, “iron; of iron”)

      Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫛𐫗𐫏𐫗𐫏 (ʾspnyny)

      Old Sogdian script: 𐼀𐼑𐼔𐼎𐼀𐼊𐼎𐼀𐼀𐼋 (ʾspnʾynʾʾk), 𐼀𐼑𐼔𐼎𐼀𐼊𐼎𐼀𐼋 (ʾspnʾynʾk), 𐼑𐼔𐼎𐼀𐼊𐼎𐼀𐼊 (spnʾynʾy), 𐼀𐼑𐼔𐼎𐼊𐼎𐼀𐼋 (ʾspnynʾk), 𐼀𐼑𐼔𐼎𐼎𐼊 (ʾspnny)

Descendants

• Southeastern Iranian:
  • Proto-Pathan: *ṓspəna
    • Pashto: وسپنه f (wë́spëna), اوسپنه (óspëna)
  • Proto-Sanglechi-Ishkashimi:
    • Ishkashimi: [script needed] (ṣ̌pïn)
    • Sanglechi: [script needed] (ᵊšpōṇ)
  • Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji: *ūspən
    • Proto-Munji-Yidgha: *ȫspən
      • Munji: [script needed] (yūspə́n)
      • Yidgha: رسپن (rispën)
    • Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami: *æspən
      • Proto-Shughni-Roshani: *spən
        • Sarikoli: spin, sipin
        • Shughni: сипин (sipin), (Khufi) сипун (sipun), (Oroshori) [Term?] (“sẹpin”)
      • Yazghulami: сәпон (səpon), спон (spon), сәпй̊н (səpẙn), спй̊н (spẙn)
• Northwestern Iranian:
  • Baluchi: آسن (âsin, âsan)
  • Kurdish:

    Central Kurdish: ئاسن (asn)

    Northern Kurdish: hesin, asin

    Southern Kurdish: ئاسن (asn)

  • Proto-Medo-Parthian:
    • Caspian:
      • Gilaki: آسین (āsīn)
      • Mazanderani: آئن (āen), آیین (āyin)
    • Lasgerdi: آسین (āsīn)
    • Old Median:
      • Middle Median:
        • Kermanic: (Zoroastrian Dari) vohen
        • Harzani: اسن (ösön)
        • Talysh: آسین (âsin), اسون (asön)
      • Semnani: آسین (āsīn)
    • Parthian: 𐫀𐫘𐫇𐫗 (ʾswn /⁠āsun⁠/)
      • ⇒ Parthian: 𐫀𐫘𐫇𐫗𐫏𐫗 (ʾswnyn), 𐫀𐫀𐫘𐫇𐫗𐫏𐫗 (ʾʾswnyn)
    • Proto-Zaza-Gorani:
      • Gurani: ئاسن (āsen)
      • Zazaki: asın (āsen)
• Southwestern Iranian:
  • Old Persian: *asā ~ *aθunaʰ
    • Middle Persian: (/⁠āhun, āhan⁠/)

      Middle Persian: 𐫀𐫍𐫇𐫗 (ʾhwn)

      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾsn'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾhn')

      • Lurish:

        Northern Luri: آهه (āhe)

        Bakhtiari: آهن (āhen)

      • Classical Persian: آهن (āhan)

        Dari: آهن (āhan)

        Iranian Persian: آهن (āhan, āhen)

        Tajik: оҳан (ohan)

        Tat: ohu

        • → Baluchi: آهن (àhin)
        • Mazanderani: آهین (āhīn)
        • → Zoroastrian Dari: آهن (āhen)
        • → Yagnobi: оҳан (ohan)

Further reading

• Cheung, Johnny (2011) Selected Pashto Problems II. Historical Phonology 1: On Vocalism and Etyma (Iran and the Caucasus)‎^[2], volume 15, numbers 1-2, Brill Academic Publishers, page 177: “*ā́swanyā-; *āsuna-”
• Cheung, Johnny (2002) Studies in the Historical Development of the Ossetic Vocalism (Beitrage Zur Iranistik; 23), Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert, →ISBN, page 25: “*su̯ana-”
• Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2000) “*(a)śu̯ana-, *(a)śu̯ina- (?)”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 246-247