Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/upári

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *upéri.

Adverb

*upári

1. above, over

Descendants

• Central Iranian
  • Avestan: 𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (upaⁱri)
• Northeastern Iranian:
  • Khotanese: [script needed] (vīra, “on”)
  • Sogdo-Bactrian:
    • Khwarezmian: پر (pr /⁠par⁠/)
    • Proto-Sogdic:
      • Sogdian: (/⁠par⁠/, “to; on; at; in; for; upon”)

        Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫡 (pr)

        Sogdian script: [script needed] (pr)

        Syriac script: ܦܪ (pr)

      • Yagnobi: пар (par)
• Southeastern Iranian:
  • Pashto: پر (pər, “on; upon; over; above”) (only used as prefix)
• Northwestern Iranian:
  • Baluchi: ابر (abur, “top, up; head, chief”) (perhaps)
  • Kurdish: ("before; over")

    Central Kurdish: به‌ر (bar), وه‌ر (war) (used as prefix)

    Northern Kurdish: ber (bar), wer (war) (used as prefix)

    Southern Kurdish: وه‌ر (war) (used as prefix and single word)

  • Proto-Medo-Parthian:
    • Caspian:
      • Old Mazanderani: بر (bar), ور (war, “in; at; on, upon; up”)
        • Mazanderani: ور (var) (only used as prefix; e.g. ورکشین (var-këšīn, “to take up”))
      • Gurgani: ور (war, “in; at; on, upon”)
      • Gilaki: وه (vi-, “up”) (only used as prefix; e.g. ورشت (vi-rišt, “rose up”)), بٚه (bə, “upon; to; on”)
    • Old Median:
      • Talysh: (/⁠pe-⁠/, “up”) (only used as prefix; e.g. pe-gat (pe-gat, “took up”) in Northern Talysh)

        Arabic script: په

        Latin script: pe

    • Parthian: (/⁠abar⁠/)

      Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭒𐭃𐭌 (QDM) (Logogram)

      Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫁𐫡 (ʾbr)

    • Zaza- Gurani:
      • Gurani: ۋه‌ر (ʋar, “over; on; up”) (only used as prefix)
      • Zazaki: ver (wa, “before”) (used as prefix)
• Southwestern Iranian:
  • Old Persian: 𐎢𐎱𐎼𐎡𐎹 (u-p-r-i-y /⁠upariy⁠/, “prefix and adverb, means "up" or "top" or "upon"”)
    • Middle Persian: (/⁠abar⁠/, “over, super, on, upon”) (used as prefix or single word)

      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (QDM) (Logogram), [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾpl)

      Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫁𐫡 (ʾbr), 𐫀𐫂𐫡 (ʾβr)

      Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭬𐭣𐭬 (QDM) (Logogram)

      Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮋𐮃𐮋 (QDM) (Logogram)

      Pazend script: 𐬀𐬬𐬀𐬭 (avar)

      • Classical Persian: ابر (abar), بر (bar), ور (war, “top; on, upon”) (all used as prefix or single word)

        Dari: ابر (abar, “super-, over-”) (only used as prefix), بر (bar), ور (war, “top; on, upon”) (used as prefix or single word)

        Iranian Persian: ابر (abar, “super-, over-”) (only used as prefix), بر (bar), ور (var, “top; on, upon”) (used as prefix or single word)

        Tajik: абар (abar, “super-, over-”) (only used as prefix), бар (bar), вар (var, “top; on, upon”) (used as prefix or single word)