Reconstruction:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian/kukuh

This Proto-Malayo-Polynesian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian

Etymology

From earlier *kuhkuh, from Proto-Austronesian *kuSkuS.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kukuh/

Noun

*kukuh

1. nail (on fingers and toes)

Descendants

• Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:
  • Central Malayo-Polynesian:
    • Komodo: wuku
    • Manggarai: huku
  • Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:
    • Proto-Oceanic: *kuku
      • Central-Eastern Oceanic:
        • Central Oceanic:
          • East Fijian-Polynesian:
            • Fijian: kuku
            • Proto-Polynesian: *akikuku, *matikuku, *maqikuku (see there for further descendants)
          • West Fijian-Rotuman:
            • Rotuman: mänʻuʻu
            • Western Fijian: kuku
        • Micronesian:
          • Chuukese: kkú
          • Pohnpeian: kihk
          • Woleaian: kiu
        • Southeast Solomonic:
          • Gela: gugu
      • Western Oceanic:
        • Nakanai: lakuku
        • Numbami: kuku
• Western Malayo-Polynesian:
  • Barito:
    • East Barito:
      • Ma'anyan: kuku
      • Malagasy: hoho
    • Sama-Bajaw:
      • Central Sama: kukku, kuku
      • Mapun: kuku
      • Yakan: kukku
  • Proto-Philippine: *kukuh
    • Asi: kuko
    • Bikol Central: kuko
    • Cebuano: kuko
    • Ilocano: kuko
    • Ivatan: kokoh
    • Limos Kalinga: kuku
    • Maranao: kanoko
    • Tagalog: kuko
    • Tausug: kukku
  • Celebic:
    • Mori Atas: kuku
    • Wawonii: kuku
  • Moklenic:
    • Moken: kekoi
    • Moklen: kukoi
  • Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:
    • Proto-Malayo-Chamic:
      • Proto-Chamic: *kukɔw
        • Acehnese: gukèë, gukee
        • Coastal Chamic:
          • Cham:
            • Eastern Cham: kakŏw
            • Western Cham: kakau
          • Haroi: kờkău
        • Highlands Chamic:
          • Jarai: tơkâo
          • Rade: kkâo
          • Northern Chamic:
            • Tsat: kaw²¹
      • Proto-Malayic: *kuku
        • Iban: kukut
        • Kendayan: kuku
        • Malayan:
          • Brunei Malay: kuku
          • Malay: kuku
            • Indonesian: kuku
          • Minangkabau: kuku
        • Urak Lawoi': กูกู (kuku)
    • Sundanese: ᮊᮥᮊᮥ (kuku)