Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/dъxnǫti

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From *dъxъ (“breath, sniff”) +‎ *-nǫti, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰews-. Cognate with Lithuanian dùsti (“to suffocate”) (Eastern dialectal), dvė̃sti (“to breathe, to blow”), dūsė́ti (“to breathe heavily”), dūsúoti (“to breathe heavily”), dū́sauti (“to sigh”); Latvian dust (“to gasp”), dvèst (“to breathe heavily”); Gothic 𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍃 (dius, “wild animal”), English deer.

Verb

*dъxnǫti pf (imperfective *dyšati)

1. to breathe
2. to blow

Inflection

Conjugation of *dъxnǫti, *dъše, *dъxnetь (?, -C/n-, _/ox-aorist, accent paradigm b)

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*dъšenьje	*dъxnǫti	*dъxnǫtъ	*dъxlъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*dъšenъ	*dъxnomъ
Active	*dъxъ	*dъxny

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*dъx(ox)ъ	*dъše	*dъše	*dъxnǫ	*dъxneši	*dъxnetь
Dual	*dъx(ox)ově	*dъx(e/os)ta	*dъx(e/os)te	*dъxnevě	*dъxneta	*dъxnete
Plural	*dъx(ox)omъ	*dъx(e/os)te	*dъxǫ, *dъxošę	*dъxnemъ	*dъxnete	*dъxnǫtь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*dъxněaxъ	*dъxněaše	*dъxněaše	—	*dъxni	*dъxni
Dual	*dъxněaxově	*dъxněašeta	*dъxněašete	*dъxněvě	*dъxněta	—
Plural	*dъxněaxomъ	*dъxněašete	*dъxněaxǫ	*dъxněmъ	*dъxněte	—

Notes:
• Aorist *dъxeste ⇒ *dъšeste, ...

Conjugation of *dъxnǫti, *dъxnǫ, *dъxnetь (?, -n-, s-aorist, accent paradigm b)

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*dъxnovenьje	*dъxnǫti	*dъxnǫtъ	*dъxnǫlъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*dъxnovenъ	*dъxnomъ
Active	*dъxnǫvъ	*dъxny

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*dъxnǫxъ	*dъxnǫ	*dъxnǫ	*dъxnǫ	*dъxneši	*dъxnetь
Dual	*dъxnǫxově	*dъxnǫsta	*dъxnǫste	*dъxnevě	*dъxneta	*dъxnete
Plural	*dъxnǫxomъ	*dъxnǫste	*dъxnǫšę	*dъxnemъ	*dъxnete	*dъxnǫtь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*dъxněaxъ	*dъxněaše	*dъxněaše	—	*dъxni	*dъxni
Dual	*dъxněaxově	*dъxněašeta	*dъxněašete	*dъxněvě	*dъxněta	—
Plural	*dъxněaxomъ	*dъxněašete	*dъxněaxǫ	*dъxněmъ	*dъxněte	—

Related terms

• *duxati (“to breathe, to blow”)
• *dvoxati (“to breathe heavily?”)
• *dyxati (“to breathe”)
• *duxъ (“breath, spirit”)
• *dušà (“soul”)
• *dъxъ (“breathing, breath”)

Derived terms

• *jьzdъxnǫti (“to breathe out, (figuratively) to die”)
• *nadъxnǫti (“to excite, to inoculate”)
• *vъzdъxnǫti (“to sigh”)
• *vъdъxnǫti (“to inspire”)
  • *vъdъxnovenъ (“inspired”)
  • *vъdъxnovenьje (“inspiration”)
  • *vъdъxnoviteľь (“inspirator”)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: дъхнꙋти (dŭxnuti)
    • Belarusian: до́хнуць (dóxnucʹ, “to croak, to die”)
    • Russian: дохну́ть (doxnútʹ, “to breathe, to blow”), до́хнуть (dóxnutʹ, “to croak, to die”)
    • Ukrainian: дохну́ти (doxnúty, “to sigh”), дхну́ти (dxnúty, “to breathe”), до́хнути (dóxnuty, “to croak, to die”)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Cyrillic: дъхнѫти (dŭxnǫti)

    Glagolitic: ⰄⰟⰘⰐⰨⰕⰋ (DŬXNǪTI)

  • Bulgarian: дъ́хна (dǎ́hna)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: да̀хнути

    Latin script: dàhnuti

  • Slovene: dəhníti, dáhniti (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Czech: dchnout, dechnout, tchnout
  • Polish: tchnąć
  • Kashubian: dchnąc, tchnąc
  • Slovak: dochnúť

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “дохну́ть”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1978), “*dъxnǫti”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 5 (*dělo – *dьržьlь), Moscow: Nauka, page 177