Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/keŕ

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Noun

*keŕ

1. notch (of an arrow)
2. aim (of a gun)

Declension

Declension of *keŕ

	Singular 3)
Nominative	*keŕ
Accusative	*keŕni, *keŕig 4), *keŕnig 1)
Genitive	*keŕniŋ
Dative	*keŕke
Locative	*keŕte
Ablative	*keŕten
Allative	*keŕgerü
Instrumental 2)	*keŕin
Equative 2)	*keŕče
Similative 2)	*keŕleyü
Comitative 2)	*keŕligü

¹⁾ Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
⁴⁾ Found in the Old Turkic era.

Derived terms

• *kert- (“to cut a notch”)

Descendants

• →? Mongolian: [script needed] (kerçi-)
• Oghur:
  • ⇒ Chuvash: карт (kart)
• Common Turkic:

• Arghu:
  • Khalaj:
• Oghuz:
  • Old Anatolian Turkish: كز (gez)
    • Azerbaijani: gəz, kərtmək
    • Ottoman Turkish: گز (gez)
      • Turkish: gez, kertmek
      • Gagauz: keez
  • Turkmen: gezlik, kertmek
  • → Persian: [script needed] (gâz)
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: [script needed] (kez), [script needed] (kertmek)
    • Chagatai:
      • ⇒ Uzbek: kertmoq
      • ⇒ Uyghur: [script needed] (kertik)
• Kipchak: [script needed] (käz)
  • North Kipchak:
    • Bashkir: [script needed] (kiδe), [script needed] (kirtiv), [script needed] (kirt)
    • ⇒ Tatar: [script needed] (kirtü), [script needed] (kirt)
  • West Kipchak:
    • Crimean Tatar:
    • Kumyk:
    • Karachay-Balkar:
    • Karaim:
  • South Kipchak:
    • Caspian:
      • Karakalpak:
      • Kazakh: кез (kez), керту (kertu)
      • Nogai:
    • Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
      • Southern Altai: кертер (kerter)
      • ⇒ Kyrgyz: [script needed] (kertik)
      • ⇒ Southern Altai: кертик (kertik)
• Siberian:
  • Old Turkic:
  • Old Uyghur:
  • North Siberian:
    • ⇒ Yakut: кэрт (kert)
    • Dolgan:
  • South Siberian:
    • Sayan:
      • Tuvan: кес (kes)
      • Tofa: [script needed] (kes)
    • Yenisei:
      • Khakas:
      • Shor:
      • Western Yugur:

References

• Tekin, Talât. “Once More Zetacism and Sigmatism.” Central Asiatic Journal, vol. 23, no. 1/2, Harrassowitz Verlag, 1979, page 126. [1]
• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*geŕ”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill