Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/koč

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

The form *kočgar is morphologically obscure as there is no *-gar suffix.

Nishanyan compares it to Armenian ոչխար (očʻxar, “ram”) and Arabic كبش (kabš, “ram”), however neither of these words can etymologically and phonologically be related to this word.

Noun

*koč

1. ram

Declension

Declension of *koč

	Singular 3)
Nominative	*koč
Accusative	*kočnï, *kočug 4), *kočnïg 1)
Genitive	*kočnïŋ
Dative	*kočka
Locative	*kočda
Ablative	*kočdan
Allative	*kočgaru
Instrumental 2)	*kočun
Equative 2)	*kočča
Similative 2)	*kočlayu
Comitative 2)	*kočlugu

¹⁾ Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
⁴⁾ Found in the Old Turkic era.

Descendants

• Oghur:
  • → Hungarian: kos
• → Proto-Mongolic: *kucan
• Common Turkic: *koč, *kočgar

• Arghu:
  • Khalaj: qoç
• Oghuz:
  • West Oghuz:
    • Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (qoç)
      • Azerbaijani: qoç
      • Ottoman Turkish: قوچ (koç), قوچقار (koçkar)
        • Gagauz: koç
      • Turkish: koç, koçkar
  • Oghuz-Uyghur:
    • Salar: qoşğur
  • East Oghuz:
    • Turkmen: goç, goçgar
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: [script needed] (qočŋar)
    • Chagatai: قوچقار (qoćqar)
      • Uyghur: قوچقار (qochqar)
      • Uzbek: qoʻchqar
• Kipchak:
  • North Kipchak:
    • Tatar: кучкар (quçkar)
    • Bashkir: ҡусҡар (qusqar)
  • West Kipchak:
    • Crimeaic Kipchak:
      • Crimean Tatar: qoçqar
      • Urum: ґоч (ğoč)
    • Karaim: kočxar
    • Karachay-Balkar: кочхар (koçxar)
    • Kumyk: къочкъар (qoçqar)
  • South Kipchak:
    • Kazakh: қошқар (qoşqar)
    • Karakalpak: qoshqar, gʻosh
    • Nogai: кошкар (koşkar)
  • East Kipchak:
    • Southern Altai: кочкор (kočkor)
    • Kyrgyz: кочкор (kockor)
• Siberian:
  • Old Turkic:
    • Old Uyghur: qwčxʾr (qočɣar), qwčwnxʾr (qočuŋar)
      • Western Yugur: qoʐɣar
  • South Siberian:
    • Sayan Turkic:
      • Tofa: қоъшқар (qöšqar) (archaic)
      • Tuvan: кошкар (koşkar)
    • Yenisei Turkic:
      • Shor: қошқар (qošqar)
• → Kott: koaskir (“ram”)

Animals in Turkic
Dog	dog: *ït	Hunting Dog	hunting dog: *eker	Hen	hen: *tiakïgu
Lark	lark: *torgay	Pigeon	dove, pigeon: *kȫkerčin	Quail	quail: *bïldurčïn
Sparrow	sparrow: *serče	Hawk	hawk, falcon: *kïrguy	Goose	goose: *kāŕ
Wolf	wolf: *bȫrü	Cow	cow: *ingek	Calf	calf: *buŕagu
Camel	camel: *tebe	Young Camel	young of camel: *kȫĺek, *botu	Horse	horse: *at
Foal	foal: *kulun	Worm	worm: *kūrt	Snake	snake: *yï̄lan
Fox	fox: *tilkü	goat	goat: *keči	He-goat	he-goat: *teke
Lion	lion: *arsïlan	Fish	fish: *bālïk	Abramis brama	carp bream: *čapak
Donkey	donkey: *eĺčgek	Carp	carp: *siāŕgan	Catfish	catfish: *yāyïn
Beaver	beaver: *kunduŕ	Hedgehog	hedgehog: *kirpi	Badger	badger: *borsmuk
Fly	fly, mosquito: *siŋek	Bee	wasp, bee: *ārï	Gadlfy	gadfly: *bȫgen
Moth	moth: *küńe	Louse	louse: *bït	Earthworm	earthworm: *sïbuĺgan
Yak	yak: *kotuz	Colt	colt: *sïp	Dragon	dragon: *siāŕgan
Worm	worm: *kūrt	Deer	deer: *keyik, *sïgun, *bulan, *bugu	Lizard	lizard: *keleŕ

References

• Clauson, Gerard (1972) “kočŋar”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 592
• Tenišev E. R., editor (1984–2006), Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages:] (in Russian), Moscow: Nauka, pages 233-234
• Levitskaja, L. S., Dybo, A. V., Rassadin, V. I. (2000) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume VI, Moscow: Indrik, page 86
• Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 274
• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “koç”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*Koč”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[1], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
• Gombocz, Zoltán (1912) Die bulgarisch-türkischen Lehnwörter in der ungarischen Sprache [The Bulgarian–Turkic Loanwords in the Hungarian Language] (Suomalais-ugrilaisen Seuran toimituksia = Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne; XXX)‎^[2] (in German), page 100
• Nugteren, Hans (2011) Mongolic phonology and the Qinghai-Gansu languages (dissertation)‎^[3], Utrecht: LOT, page 430
• Bayarma Khabtagaeva (2019), Language Contact in Siberia: Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic Loanwords in Yeniseian (The Languages of Asia Series; 19), Leiden, Boston: Brill, pages: 71‒72