Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/tepe

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

A variant *töpü formed at a very early date due to the vowels being rounded as a result of the neighboring labial consonant *p.

Noun

*tepe

1. hill, top
2. (anatomy) top of head

Declension

Declension of *tepe

	Singular 3)
Nominative	*tepe
Accusative	*tepeni, *tepeg 4), *tepenig 1)
Genitive	*tepeniŋ
Dative	*tepeke
Locative	*tepede
Ablative	*tepeden
Allative	*tepegerü
Instrumental 2)	*tepen
Equative 2)	*tepeče
Similative 2)	*tepeleyü
Comitative 2)	*tepeligü

¹⁾ Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
⁴⁾ Found in the Old Turkic era.

Descendants

• Oghur: *töpe/tüpe
  • Chuvash: тӳпе (tüp̬e, “sky; head”)
  • ⇒ Chuvash: тĕпек (tĕpek, “bangs”)
• Common Turkic:

• Arghu:
  • Khalaj: təpə
• Oghuz: *tepe
  • Old Anatolian Turkish:
    • Azerbaijani: təpə
      • → Lezgi: тепе (tepe)
      • → Tabasaran: тепе (tepe)
    • Ottoman Turkish: تپه (tepe)
      • Turkish: tepe
        • → English: tepe
      • → Armenian: թեփե (tʻepʻe), թափա (tʻapʻa)
      • → Bulgarian: тепе n (tepe)
      • → Greek: τεπέ n (tepé)
        • ⇒ Greek: τεπές m (tepés)
      • → Persian: تپه (tappe)
  • Turkmen: depe
  • → Bats: თეფ class jj (tep, “hill, hillock”)
• Kipchak: *töbe
  • North Kipchak:
    • Bashkir: түбә (tübə)
    • Tatar: түбә (tübä)
  • West Kipchak:
    • Crimean Tatar: töpe, töbe
    • Karachay-Balkar: тёбе (töbe)
    • Kumyk: тёбе (töbe)
  • South Kipchak:
    • Kazakh: төбе (töbe)
  • East Kipchak:
    • Kyrgyz: дөбө (döbö)
    • Southern Altai: тӧбӧ (töbö)
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: تُبُو (töpü)
    • Uyghur: تۆپە (töpe)
    • Uzbek: tepa
• Siberian:
  • Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰇𐰯𐰇 (töpü, “height”)
    • Old Uyghur: twybw (töpü)
  • North Siberian:
    • Dolgan: төбө (töbö)
    • Yakut: төбө (töbö)
  • South Siberian:
    • Sayan:
      • Tuvan: тей (tey)
    • Northern Altai: тӧбе (töbe), тӧвӧ (tövö)
• →⇒? Proto-Mongolic: *dexere (“top”)

References

• Clauson, Gerard (1972) “”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 436
• Eren, Hasan (1999) “tepe”, in Türk Dilinin Etimolojik Sözlüğü [Etymological Dictionary of the Turkish Language] (in Turkish), Ankara: Bizim Büro Basım Evi, page 402
• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “tepe”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
• Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, pages 494, 505
• Sevortjan, E. V. (1980) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume 3, Moscow: Nauka, pages 197-199
• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*tepö/ *tepü”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[2], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
• Tenišev E. R., editor (1984–2006), Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages:] (in Russian), Moscow: Nauka, page 201