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Descendants [ edit ]
Central Iranian:
Northeastern Iranian:
Proto-Scythian: *áświ m *áśwā f Old Ossetic: *ǽspӕ *ǽfsӕ Ossetian:Digor Ossetian: ӕфсӕ ( æfsæ )
Iron Ossetian: ефс ( efs )
⇒ Old Ossetic: *Æspӕruk
Proto-Saka-Wakhi: *aświ Khotanese: 𑀅𑀰𑁆𑀰 ( aśśä ) Tumshuqese: 𑀅𑀰 ( aśa ) Wakhi: yaš → Southwestern Fars:Burenjani: [Term?] ( /уʌšɛ/ ) [script needed] ( yūrk )
Sogdo-Bactrian:
Bactrian: ασπο ( aspo /asp/ )
Khwarezmian: [script needed] ( ʾsb ) , [script needed] ( ʾsp /asp/ )
Proto-Sogdic: *áspah Sogdian:Buddhist: 𐼰𐼼𐼾𐼷 ( ʾspy /əspí/ ) Christian: ܣܦܝ ( spy /spí/ ) , ܐܣܦܝ ( ʾspy /ᵊspí/ ) Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫛𐫏 ( ʾspy /əspí/ ) Sogdian script: 𐼰𐼼𐼾𐼷 ( ʾspy /əspí/ ) Yagnobi: asp
Southeastern Iranian:
Munji-Yidgha:
Munji: [script needed] ( yōsp ) , [script needed] ( yosp )
Yidgha: [script needed] ( yā̌sp ) , [script needed] ( yasp )
Ormuri-Parachi:
Ormuri:Kaniguram: [script needed] ( yāsp ) [script needed] ( yansp )
Logar: [script needed] ( yâsp )
Parachi: ȫsp
Pathan: *ā́sᵽă- [1] Pashto:Afridi: [script needed] m ( wā̊s ) , [script needed] f ( wā̊spa )
Pashto: آس ( ās ) اس m ( as ) , اسپه f ( áspa )
Waziri: [script needed] m ( wōs ) , [script needed] f ( wōspa )
Waneci: [script needed] ( ās )
Northwestern Iranian:
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Kurdish:
Northern Kurdish: hesp → Old Armenian: հասբ ( hasb ) ( probably )
Central Kurdish: ئەسپ ( esp )
Southern Kurdish: ئەسپ ( esp )
Laki: ئەسپ ( esp )
Medo-Parthian:
Gurani: ئەسپ ( asp )
Komisenian:
Biyabanaki: [script needed] ( asp )
Lasgerdi: [script needed] ( asb )
Sangisari: [script needed] ( asb ) , اسم ( asm )
Sorkhei: [script needed] ( äsp ) , [script needed] ( äsm )
Old Median: *áspəh
Tabari:
Gilaki: [script needed] ( asp ) , [script needed] ( asb )
Mazanderani-Shahmirzadi:
Mazanderani: [script needed] ( asb )
Shahmirzadi: [script needed] ( asp ) , [script needed] ( asb )
Southwestern Iranian:
Old Persian: 𐎠𐎿 ( a-s /asa/ )
→ Proto-Northeast Caucasian: *ʼɨčʷe [2] Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ʼičʷa [2] Akhvakh: ичва ( ičʷa )
Andi: ица ( ica )
Avar: чу ( ču )
Chamalal: ис̌а ( iša )
Karata: ичва ( ičʷa , “ mare ” )
Dargwa: урчи ( urči )
Khinalug: пши ( pši )
Lak: чву ( čwu )
Lezgi: шив ( šiv ) → Proto-Circassian: *č'ʷə [2] Abkhaz: а-ҽы́ ( a-ĉə́ )
Kabardian: шы ( šə )
Ubykh: č'ə → ? Georgian:აჩუ ( aču , “ urge on horses ” ) [2] აჩო ( ačo ) , ჰაჩო ( hačo ) , აცე ( ace , “ urge on donkeys ” ) ,აჩუა ( ačua , “ horse ” ) ( nursery word ) [2] → Mingrelian: აჩუა ( ačua , “ horse ” ) ( nursery word ) → Tocharian B: etswe
^ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag;
no text was provided for refs named Novak ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Witzel, Michael (2003 ) Linguistic Evidence for Cultural Exchange in Prehistoric Western Central Asia (Sino-Platonic Papers; 129 )[1] 20
