cynhyrfu
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Welsh[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From cynnwrf (“excitement”) + -u.
Pronunciation[edit]
- (North Wales) IPA(key): /kənˈhərvɨ̞/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /kənˈhərvi/
Verb[edit]
cynhyrfu (first-person singular present cynhyrfaf)
- (intransitive) to become excited or agitated, to grow uneasy, to become restless
- (transitive) to rouse, to agitate, to excite, to provoke, to incite
Conjugation[edit]
Conjugation (literary)
| singular | plural | impersonal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |||
| present indicative/future | cynhyrfaf | cynhyrfi | cynhyrfa | cynhyrfwn | cynhyrfwch | cynhyrfant | cynhyrfir | |
| imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/ conditional |
cynhyrfwn | cynhyrfit | cynhyrfai | cynhyrfem | cynhyrfech | cynhyrfent | cynhyrfid | |
| preterite | cynhyrfais | cynhyrfaist | cynhyrfodd | cynnyrfasom | cynnyrfasoch | cynnyrfasant | cynhyrfwyd | |
| pluperfect | cynnyrfaswn | cynnyrfasit | cynnyrfasai | cynnyrfasem | cynnyrfasech | cynnyrfasent | cynnyrfasid, cynnyrfesid | |
| present subjunctive | cynhyrfwyf | cynhyrfych | cynhyrfo | cynhyrfom | cynhyrfoch | cynhyrfont | cynhyrfer | |
| imperative | — | -, cynhyrfa | cynhyrfed | cynhyrfwn | cynhyrfwch | cynhyrfent | cynhyrfer | |
| verbal noun | cynhyrfu | |||||||
| verbal adjectives | cynnyrfedig cynnyrfadwy | |||||||
Conjugation (colloquial)
| Inflected colloquial forms | singular | plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |
| future | cynhyrfa i, cynhyrfaf i | cynhyrfi di | cynhyrfith o/e/hi, cynhyrfiff e/hi | cynhyrfwn ni | cynhyrfwch chi | cynhyrfan nhw |
| conditional | cynhyrfwn i, cynhyrfswn i | cynhyrfet ti, cynhyrfset ti | cynhyrfai fo/fe/hi, cynhyrfsai fo/fe/hi | cynhyrfen ni, cynhyrfsen ni | cynhyrfech chi, cynhyrfsech chi | cynhyrfen nhw, cynhyrfsen nhw |
| preterite | cynhyrfais i, cynhyrfes i | cynhyrfaist ti, cynhyrfest ti | cynhyrfodd o/e/hi | cynhyrfon ni | cynhyrfoch chi | cynhyrfon nhw |
| imperative | — | cynhyrfa | — | — | cynhyrfwch | — |
| Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh. | ||||||
Derived terms[edit]
Further reading[edit]
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “cynhyrfu”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies