frithorcun

Old Irish

Alternative forms

• frithorcon, frithorgon

Etymology

From frith- +‎ orcun.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈfʲrʲiθorɡun]

Noun

frithorcun f

1. verbal noun of fris·oirc
2. offense, insult
   • c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 124^b6

     Ad·ráigsetar ⁊ robu frithorcun doïb a n-etarscarad fri Ǽgeptacdu .i. air ad·ráigsetar nonda·bértais iterum in captiuitatem.

     They have feared, and their separation from the Egyptians has been an offense to them, i.e. for they have feared that they would carry them back into captivity.

   • c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 138^c9

     .i. huare nach maith leu cutrummus fria ndeu, is frithorcuin do suidib insin.

     i.e. because being put on an equality with their gods is not pleasing for them, that is an offense to [the gods].

3. injury
   • c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 55^d11

     Amal du·berad nech hi ceist do Dauid: “Húare is móir sléb fírinne Dǽ, cid ara fodmai-siu, ⟨a⟩ Dauid, didiu a ndu imnedaib ⁊ frithoircnib fo·daimi? Air it fírián-⟨s⟩u.” Ícaid-som didiu anísin, a n‑as·mbeir iudicia Domini abisus multa .i. ataat mesai Dǽ nephchomtetarrachti amal abis ⁊ amal fudumain. Is ed in sin fod·era in n‑erígim, cid ara fodaim int aís fírián inna fochaidi, ⁊ cid ara mbiat in pecthaig isnaib soinmechaib.

     As though someone had put as a question to David: “Because God’s righteousness is as great as a mountain, why then, David, dost thou suffer what of afflictions and injuries thou sufferest? For thou art righteous.” He solves that then when he says “iudicia Domini abyssus multa”, i.e. there are judgments of God incomprehensible like an abyss and like a depth. That is what causes the complaint, "why do the righteous folk endure tribulations, and why are sinners in prosperity?".

Declension

Feminine ā-stem
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	frithorcunL, frithorcon, frithorgon	frithorcuinL, frithorcain	frithoircneaH
Vocative	frithorcunL, frithorcon, frithorgon	frithorcuinL, frithorcain	frithoircneaH
Accusative	frithorcuinN, frithorcain	frithorcuinL, frithorcain	frithoircneaH
Genitive	frithoircneH	frithorcunL	frithorcunN
Dative	frithorcuinL, frithorcain	frithoircnib	frithoircnib
Initial mutations of a following adjective: H = triggers aspiration L = triggers lenition N = triggers nasalization

Mutation

Old Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Nasalization
frithorcun	ḟrithorcun	frithorcun pronounced with /β(ʲ)-/
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “frithorcun”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language