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Pronunciation[edit]
IPA(key): /ᶢǃʱaːma/
-gqama
- (intransitive) to stand out
- (intransitive) to be famous, to be notorious, to be renowned
Inflection[edit]
Tone L
|
Infinitive
|
ukugqama
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
Infinitive
|
ukugqama
|
ukungagqami
|
|
Imperative
|
|
Simple
|
+ object concord
|
Singular
|
gqama
|
-gqame
|
Plural
|
gqamani
|
-gqameni
|
|
Present
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngiyagqama, ngigqama
|
engigqamayo, engigqama
|
ngigqama
|
angigqami
|
engingagqami
|
ngingagqami
|
2nd singular
|
uyagqama, ugqama
|
ogqamayo, ogqama
|
ugqama
|
awugqami
|
ongagqami
|
ungagqami
|
1st plural
|
siyagqama, sigqama
|
esigqamayo, esigqama
|
sigqama
|
asigqami
|
esingagqami
|
singagqami
|
2nd plural
|
niyagqama, nigqama
|
enigqamayo, enigqama
|
nigqama
|
anigqami
|
eningagqami
|
ningagqami
|
Class 1
|
uyagqama, ugqama
|
ogqamayo, ogqama
|
egqama
|
akagqami
|
ongagqami
|
engagqami
|
Class 2
|
bayagqama, bagqama
|
abagqamayo, abagqama
|
begqama
|
abagqami
|
abangagqami
|
bengagqami
|
Class 3
|
uyagqama, ugqama
|
ogqamayo, ogqama
|
ugqama
|
awugqami
|
ongagqami
|
ungagqami
|
Class 4
|
iyagqama, igqama
|
egqamayo, egqama
|
igqama
|
ayigqami
|
engagqami
|
ingagqami
|
Class 5
|
liyagqama, ligqama
|
eligqamayo, eligqama
|
ligqama
|
aligqami
|
elingagqami
|
lingagqami
|
Class 6
|
ayagqama, agqama
|
agqamayo, agqama
|
egqama
|
awagqami
|
angagqami
|
engagqami
|
Class 7
|
siyagqama, sigqama
|
esigqamayo, esigqama
|
sigqama
|
asigqami
|
esingagqami
|
singagqami
|
Class 8
|
ziyagqama, zigqama
|
ezigqamayo, ezigqama
|
zigqama
|
azigqami
|
ezingagqami
|
zingagqami
|
Class 9
|
iyagqama, igqama
|
egqamayo, egqama
|
igqama
|
ayigqami
|
engagqami
|
ingagqami
|
Class 10
|
ziyagqama, zigqama
|
ezigqamayo, ezigqama
|
zigqama
|
azigqami
|
ezingagqami
|
zingagqami
|
Class 11
|
luyagqama, lugqama
|
olugqamayo, olugqama
|
lugqama
|
alugqami
|
olungagqami
|
lungagqami
|
Class 14
|
buyagqama, bugqama
|
obugqamayo, obugqama
|
bugqama
|
abugqami
|
obungagqami
|
bungagqami
|
Class 15
|
kuyagqama, kugqama
|
okugqamayo, okugqama
|
kugqama
|
akugqami
|
okungagqami
|
kungagqami
|
Class 17
|
kuyagqama, kugqama
|
okugqamayo, okugqama
|
kugqama
|
akugqami
|
okungagqami
|
kungagqami
|
|
Recent past
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngigqamile, ngigqamē
|
engigqamile, engigqamē
|
ngigqamile, ngigqamē
|
angigqamanga
|
engingagqamanga
|
ngingagqamanga
|
2nd singular
|
ugqamile, ugqamē
|
ogqamile, ogqamē
|
ugqamile, ugqamē
|
awugqamanga
|
ongagqamanga
|
ungagqamanga
|
1st plural
|
sigqamile, sigqamē
|
esigqamile, esigqamē
|
sigqamile, sigqamē
|
asigqamanga
|
esingagqamanga
|
singagqamanga
|
2nd plural
|
nigqamile, nigqamē
|
enigqamile, enigqamē
|
nigqamile, nigqamē
|
anigqamanga
|
eningagqamanga
|
ningagqamanga
|
Class 1
|
ugqamile, ugqamē
|
ogqamile, ogqamē
|
egqamile, egqamē
|
akagqamanga
|
ongagqamanga
|
engagqamanga
|
Class 2
|
bagqamile, bagqamē
|
abagqamile, abagqamē
|
begqamile, begqamē
|
abagqamanga
|
abangagqamanga
|
bengagqamanga
|
Class 3
|
ugqamile, ugqamē
|
ogqamile, ogqamē
|
ugqamile, ugqamē
|
awugqamanga
|
ongagqamanga
|
ungagqamanga
|
Class 4
|
igqamile, igqamē
|
egqamile, egqamē
|
igqamile, igqamē
|
ayigqamanga
|
engagqamanga
|
ingagqamanga
|
Class 5
|
ligqamile, ligqamē
|
eligqamile, eligqamē
|
ligqamile, ligqamē
|
aligqamanga
|
elingagqamanga
|
lingagqamanga
|
Class 6
|
agqamile, agqamē
|
agqamile, agqamē
|
egqamile, egqamē
|
awagqamanga
|
angagqamanga
|
engagqamanga
|
Class 7
|
sigqamile, sigqamē
|
esigqamile, esigqamē
|
sigqamile, sigqamē
|
asigqamanga
|
esingagqamanga
|
singagqamanga
|
Class 8
|
zigqamile, zigqamē
|
ezigqamile, ezigqamē
|
zigqamile, zigqamē
|
azigqamanga
|
ezingagqamanga
|
zingagqamanga
|
Class 9
|
igqamile, igqamē
|
egqamile, egqamē
|
igqamile, igqamē
|
ayigqamanga
|
engagqamanga
|
ingagqamanga
|
Class 10
|
zigqamile, zigqamē
|
ezigqamile, ezigqamē
|
zigqamile, zigqamē
|
azigqamanga
|
ezingagqamanga
|
zingagqamanga
|
Class 11
|
lugqamile, lugqamē
|
olugqamile, olugqamē
|
lugqamile, lugqamē
|
alugqamanga
|
olungagqamanga
|
lungagqamanga
|
Class 14
|
bugqamile, bugqamē
|
obugqamile, obugqamē
|
bugqamile, bugqamē
|
abugqamanga
|
obungagqamanga
|
bungagqamanga
|
Class 15
|
kugqamile, kugqamē
|
okugqamile, okugqamē
|
kugqamile, kugqamē
|
akugqamanga
|
okungagqamanga
|
kungagqamanga
|
Class 17
|
kugqamile, kugqamē
|
okugqamile, okugqamē
|
kugqamile, kugqamē
|
akugqamanga
|
okungagqamanga
|
kungagqamanga
|
|
Remote past
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngāgqama
|
engāgqama
|
ngāgqama
|
angigqamanga
|
engingagqamanga
|
ngingagqamanga
|
2nd singular
|
wāgqama
|
owāgqama
|
wāgqama
|
awugqamanga
|
ongagqamanga
|
ungagqamanga
|
1st plural
|
sāgqama
|
esāgqama
|
sāgqama
|
asigqamanga
|
esingagqamanga
|
singagqamanga
|
2nd plural
|
nāgqama
|
enāgqama
|
nāgqama
|
anigqamanga
|
eningagqamanga
|
ningagqamanga
|
Class 1
|
wāgqama
|
owāgqama
|
āgqama
|
akagqamanga
|
ongagqamanga
|
engagqamanga
|
Class 2
|
bāgqama
|
abāgqama
|
bāgqama
|
abagqamanga
|
abangagqamanga
|
bengagqamanga
|
Class 3
|
wāgqama
|
owāgqama
|
wāgqama
|
awugqamanga
|
ongagqamanga
|
ungagqamanga
|
Class 4
|
yāgqama
|
eyāgqama
|
yāgqama
|
ayigqamanga
|
engagqamanga
|
ingagqamanga
|
Class 5
|
lāgqama
|
elāgqama
|
lāgqama
|
aligqamanga
|
elingagqamanga
|
lingagqamanga
|
Class 6
|
āgqama
|
āgqama
|
āgqama
|
awagqamanga
|
angagqamanga
|
engagqamanga
|
Class 7
|
sāgqama
|
esāgqama
|
sāgqama
|
asigqamanga
|
esingagqamanga
|
singagqamanga
|
Class 8
|
zāgqama
|
ezāgqama
|
zāgqama
|
azigqamanga
|
ezingagqamanga
|
zingagqamanga
|
Class 9
|
yāgqama
|
eyāgqama
|
yāgqama
|
ayigqamanga
|
engagqamanga
|
ingagqamanga
|
Class 10
|
zāgqama
|
ezāgqama
|
zāgqama
|
azigqamanga
|
ezingagqamanga
|
zingagqamanga
|
Class 11
|
lwāgqama
|
olwāgqama
|
lwāgqama
|
alugqamanga
|
olungagqamanga
|
lungagqamanga
|
Class 14
|
bāgqama
|
obāgqama
|
bāgqama
|
abugqamanga
|
obungagqamanga
|
bungagqamanga
|
Class 15
|
kwāgqama
|
okwāgqama
|
kwāgqama
|
akugqamanga
|
okungagqamanga
|
kungagqamanga
|
Class 17
|
kwāgqama
|
okwāgqama
|
kwāgqama
|
akugqamanga
|
okungagqamanga
|
kungagqamanga
|
|
Potential
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngingagqama
|
—
|
ngingagqama
|
ngingegqame
|
—
|
ngingegqame
|
2nd singular
|
ungagqama
|
—
|
ungagqama
|
ungegqame
|
—
|
ungegqame
|
1st plural
|
singagqama
|
—
|
singagqama
|
singegqame
|
—
|
singegqame
|
2nd plural
|
ningagqama
|
—
|
ningagqama
|
ningegqame
|
—
|
ningegqame
|
Class 1
|
angagqama
|
—
|
engagqama
|
angegqame
|
—
|
engegqame
|
Class 2
|
bangagqama
|
—
|
bengagqama
|
bangegqame
|
—
|
bengegqame
|
Class 3
|
ungagqama
|
—
|
ungagqama
|
ungegqame
|
—
|
ungegqame
|
Class 4
|
ingagqama
|
—
|
ingagqama
|
ingegqame
|
—
|
ingegqame
|
Class 5
|
lingagqama
|
—
|
lingagqama
|
lingegqame
|
—
|
lingegqame
|
Class 6
|
angagqama
|
—
|
engagqama
|
angegqame
|
—
|
engegqame
|
Class 7
|
singagqama
|
—
|
singagqama
|
singegqame
|
—
|
singegqame
|
Class 8
|
zingagqama
|
—
|
zingagqama
|
zingegqame
|
—
|
zingegqame
|
Class 9
|
ingagqama
|
—
|
ingagqama
|
ingegqame
|
—
|
ingegqame
|
Class 10
|
zingagqama
|
—
|
zingagqama
|
zingegqame
|
—
|
zingegqame
|
Class 11
|
lungagqama
|
—
|
lungagqama
|
lungegqame
|
—
|
lungegqame
|
Class 14
|
bungagqama
|
—
|
bungagqama
|
bungegqame
|
—
|
bungegqame
|
Class 15
|
kungagqama
|
—
|
kungagqama
|
kungegqame
|
—
|
kungegqame
|
Class 17
|
kungagqama
|
—
|
kungagqama
|
kungegqame
|
—
|
kungegqame
|
|
Immediate future
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngizogqama
|
engizogqama
|
ngizogqama
|
angizugqama
|
engingezugqama
|
ngingezugqama
|
2nd singular
|
uzogqama
|
ozogqama
|
uzogqama
|
awuzugqama
|
ongezugqama
|
ungezugqama
|
1st plural
|
sizogqama
|
esizogqama
|
sizogqama
|
asizugqama
|
esingezugqama
|
singezugqama
|
2nd plural
|
nizogqama
|
enizogqama
|
nizogqama
|
anizugqama
|
eningezugqama
|
ningezugqama
|
Class 1
|
uzogqama
|
ozogqama
|
ezogqama
|
akazugqama
|
ongezugqama
|
engezugqama
|
Class 2
|
bazogqama
|
abazogqama
|
bezogqama
|
abazugqama
|
abangezugqama
|
bengezugqama
|
Class 3
|
uzogqama
|
ozogqama
|
uzogqama
|
awuzugqama
|
ongezugqama
|
ungezugqama
|
Class 4
|
izogqama
|
ezogqama
|
izogqama
|
ayizugqama
|
engezugqama
|
ingezugqama
|
Class 5
|
lizogqama
|
elizogqama
|
lizogqama
|
alizugqama
|
elingezugqama
|
lingezugqama
|
Class 6
|
azogqama
|
azogqama
|
ezogqama
|
awazugqama
|
angezugqama
|
engezugqama
|
Class 7
|
sizogqama
|
esizogqama
|
sizogqama
|
asizugqama
|
esingezugqama
|
singezugqama
|
Class 8
|
zizogqama
|
ezizogqama
|
zizogqama
|
azizugqama
|
ezingezugqama
|
zingezugqama
|
Class 9
|
izogqama
|
ezogqama
|
izogqama
|
ayizugqama
|
engezugqama
|
ingezugqama
|
Class 10
|
zizogqama
|
ezizogqama
|
zizogqama
|
azizugqama
|
ezingezugqama
|
zingezugqama
|
Class 11
|
luzogqama
|
oluzogqama
|
luzogqama
|
aluzugqama
|
olungezugqama
|
lungezugqama
|
Class 14
|
buzogqama
|
obuzogqama
|
buzogqama
|
abuzugqama
|
obungezugqama
|
bungezugqama
|
Class 15
|
kuzogqama
|
okuzogqama
|
kuzogqama
|
akuzugqama
|
okungezugqama
|
kungezugqama
|
Class 17
|
kuzogqama
|
okuzogqama
|
kuzogqama
|
akuzugqama
|
okungezugqama
|
kungezugqama
|
|
Remote future
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngiyogqama
|
engiyogqama
|
ngiyogqama
|
angiyugqama
|
engingeyugqama
|
ngingeyugqama
|
2nd singular
|
uyogqama
|
oyogqama
|
uyogqama
|
awuyugqama
|
ongeyugqama
|
ungeyugqama
|
1st plural
|
siyogqama
|
esiyogqama
|
siyogqama
|
asiyugqama
|
esingeyugqama
|
singeyugqama
|
2nd plural
|
niyogqama
|
eniyogqama
|
niyogqama
|
aniyugqama
|
eningeyugqama
|
ningeyugqama
|
Class 1
|
uyogqama
|
oyogqama
|
eyogqama
|
akayugqama
|
ongeyugqama
|
engeyugqama
|
Class 2
|
bayogqama
|
abayogqama
|
beyogqama
|
abayugqama
|
abangeyugqama
|
bengeyugqama
|
Class 3
|
uyogqama
|
oyogqama
|
uyogqama
|
awuyugqama
|
ongeyugqama
|
ungeyugqama
|
Class 4
|
iyogqama
|
eyogqama
|
iyogqama
|
ayiyugqama
|
engeyugqama
|
ingeyugqama
|
Class 5
|
liyogqama
|
eliyogqama
|
liyogqama
|
aliyugqama
|
elingeyugqama
|
lingeyugqama
|
Class 6
|
ayogqama
|
ayogqama
|
eyogqama
|
awayugqama
|
angeyugqama
|
engeyugqama
|
Class 7
|
siyogqama
|
esiyogqama
|
siyogqama
|
asiyugqama
|
esingeyugqama
|
singeyugqama
|
Class 8
|
ziyogqama
|
eziyogqama
|
ziyogqama
|
aziyugqama
|
ezingeyugqama
|
zingeyugqama
|
Class 9
|
iyogqama
|
eyogqama
|
iyogqama
|
ayiyugqama
|
engeyugqama
|
ingeyugqama
|
Class 10
|
ziyogqama
|
eziyogqama
|
ziyogqama
|
aziyugqama
|
ezingeyugqama
|
zingeyugqama
|
Class 11
|
luyogqama
|
oluyogqama
|
luyogqama
|
aluyugqama
|
olungeyugqama
|
lungeyugqama
|
Class 14
|
buyogqama
|
obuyogqama
|
buyogqama
|
abuyugqama
|
obungeyugqama
|
bungeyugqama
|
Class 15
|
kuyogqama
|
okuyogqama
|
kuyogqama
|
akuyugqama
|
okungeyugqama
|
kungeyugqama
|
Class 17
|
kuyogqama
|
okuyogqama
|
kuyogqama
|
akuyugqama
|
okungeyugqama
|
kungeyugqama
|
|
Present subjunctive
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
1st singular
|
ngigqame
|
ngingagqami
|
2nd singular
|
ugqame
|
ungagqami
|
1st plural
|
sigqame
|
singagqami
|
2nd plural
|
nigqame
|
ningagqami
|
Class 1
|
agqame
|
angagqami
|
Class 2
|
bagqame
|
bangagqami
|
Class 3
|
ugqame
|
ungagqami
|
Class 4
|
igqame
|
ingagqami
|
Class 5
|
ligqame
|
lingagqami
|
Class 6
|
agqame
|
angagqami
|
Class 7
|
sigqame
|
singagqami
|
Class 8
|
zigqame
|
zingagqami
|
Class 9
|
igqame
|
ingagqami
|
Class 10
|
zigqame
|
zingagqami
|
Class 11
|
lugqame
|
lungagqami
|
Class 14
|
bugqame
|
bungagqami
|
Class 15
|
kugqame
|
kungagqami
|
Class 17
|
kugqame
|
kungagqami
|
|
Past subjunctive
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
1st singular
|
ngagqama
|
ngangagqama, angagqama, angangagqama
|
2nd singular
|
wagqama
|
wangagqama, awagqama, awangagqama
|
1st plural
|
sagqama
|
sangagqama, asagqama, asangagqama
|
2nd plural
|
nagqama
|
nangagqama, anagqama, anangagqama
|
Class 1
|
wagqama
|
wangagqama, akagqama, akangagqama
|
Class 2
|
bagqama
|
bangagqama, abagqama, abangagqama
|
Class 3
|
wagqama
|
wangagqama, awagqama, awangagqama
|
Class 4
|
yagqama
|
yangagqama, ayagqama, ayangagqama
|
Class 5
|
lagqama
|
langagqama, alagqama, alangagqama
|
Class 6
|
agqama
|
angagqama, awagqama, awangagqama
|
Class 7
|
sagqama
|
sangagqama, asagqama, asangagqama
|
Class 8
|
zagqama
|
zangagqama, azagqama, azangagqama
|
Class 9
|
yagqama
|
yangagqama, ayagqama, ayangagqama
|
Class 10
|
zagqama
|
zangagqama, azagqama, azangagqama
|
Class 11
|
lwagqama
|
lwangagqama, alwagqama, alwangagqama
|
Class 14
|
bagqama
|
bangagqama, abagqama, abangagqama
|
Class 15
|
kwagqama
|
kwangagqama, akwagqama, akwangagqama
|
Class 17
|
kwagqama
|
kwangagqama, akwagqama, akwangagqama
|
References[edit]