gxiviza

Zulu

Etymology

Derived from the ideophone gxivi. Cognate with Xhosa -gximfiza.

Verb

-gxiviza

1. to flatten, to crush
2. to stamp (a document)

Inflection

Tone L
Infinitive	ukugxiviza
	Positive	Negative
Infinitive	ukugxiviza	ukungagxivizi
	Imperative
	Simple	+ object concord
Singular	gxiviza	-gxivize
Plural	gxivizani	-gxivizeni
	Present
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyagxiviza, ngigxiviza	engigxivizayo, engigxiviza	ngigxiviza	angigxivizi	engingagxivizi	ngingagxivizi
2nd singular	uyagxiviza, ugxiviza	ogxivizayo, ogxiviza	ugxiviza	awugxivizi	ongagxivizi	ungagxivizi
1st plural	siyagxiviza, sigxiviza	esigxivizayo, esigxiviza	sigxiviza	asigxivizi	esingagxivizi	singagxivizi
2nd plural	niyagxiviza, nigxiviza	enigxivizayo, enigxiviza	nigxiviza	anigxivizi	eningagxivizi	ningagxivizi
Class 1	uyagxiviza, ugxiviza	ogxivizayo, ogxiviza	egxiviza	akagxivizi	ongagxivizi	engagxivizi
Class 2	bayagxiviza, bagxiviza	abagxivizayo, abagxiviza	begxiviza	abagxivizi	abangagxivizi	bengagxivizi
Class 3	uyagxiviza, ugxiviza	ogxivizayo, ogxiviza	ugxiviza	awugxivizi	ongagxivizi	ungagxivizi
Class 4	iyagxiviza, igxiviza	egxivizayo, egxiviza	igxiviza	ayigxivizi	engagxivizi	ingagxivizi
Class 5	liyagxiviza, ligxiviza	eligxivizayo, eligxiviza	ligxiviza	aligxivizi	elingagxivizi	lingagxivizi
Class 6	ayagxiviza, agxiviza	agxivizayo, agxiviza	egxiviza	awagxivizi	angagxivizi	engagxivizi
Class 7	siyagxiviza, sigxiviza	esigxivizayo, esigxiviza	sigxiviza	asigxivizi	esingagxivizi	singagxivizi
Class 8	ziyagxiviza, zigxiviza	ezigxivizayo, ezigxiviza	zigxiviza	azigxivizi	ezingagxivizi	zingagxivizi
Class 9	iyagxiviza, igxiviza	egxivizayo, egxiviza	igxiviza	ayigxivizi	engagxivizi	ingagxivizi
Class 10	ziyagxiviza, zigxiviza	ezigxivizayo, ezigxiviza	zigxiviza	azigxivizi	ezingagxivizi	zingagxivizi
Class 11	luyagxiviza, lugxiviza	olugxivizayo, olugxiviza	lugxiviza	alugxivizi	olungagxivizi	lungagxivizi
Class 14	buyagxiviza, bugxiviza	obugxivizayo, obugxiviza	bugxiviza	abugxivizi	obungagxivizi	bungagxivizi
Class 15	kuyagxiviza, kugxiviza	okugxivizayo, okugxiviza	kugxiviza	akugxivizi	okungagxivizi	kungagxivizi
Class 17	kuyagxiviza, kugxiviza	okugxivizayo, okugxiviza	kugxiviza	akugxivizi	okungagxivizi	kungagxivizi
	Recent past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngigxivizile, ngigxivizē	engigxivizile, engigxivizē	ngigxivizile, ngigxivizē	angigxivizanga	engingagxivizanga	ngingagxivizanga
2nd singular	ugxivizile, ugxivizē	ogxivizile, ogxivizē	ugxivizile, ugxivizē	awugxivizanga	ongagxivizanga	ungagxivizanga
1st plural	sigxivizile, sigxivizē	esigxivizile, esigxivizē	sigxivizile, sigxivizē	asigxivizanga	esingagxivizanga	singagxivizanga
2nd plural	nigxivizile, nigxivizē	enigxivizile, enigxivizē	nigxivizile, nigxivizē	anigxivizanga	eningagxivizanga	ningagxivizanga
Class 1	ugxivizile, ugxivizē	ogxivizile, ogxivizē	egxivizile, egxivizē	akagxivizanga	ongagxivizanga	engagxivizanga
Class 2	bagxivizile, bagxivizē	abagxivizile, abagxivizē	begxivizile, begxivizē	abagxivizanga	abangagxivizanga	bengagxivizanga
Class 3	ugxivizile, ugxivizē	ogxivizile, ogxivizē	ugxivizile, ugxivizē	awugxivizanga	ongagxivizanga	ungagxivizanga
Class 4	igxivizile, igxivizē	egxivizile, egxivizē	igxivizile, igxivizē	ayigxivizanga	engagxivizanga	ingagxivizanga
Class 5	ligxivizile, ligxivizē	eligxivizile, eligxivizē	ligxivizile, ligxivizē	aligxivizanga	elingagxivizanga	lingagxivizanga
Class 6	agxivizile, agxivizē	agxivizile, agxivizē	egxivizile, egxivizē	awagxivizanga	angagxivizanga	engagxivizanga
Class 7	sigxivizile, sigxivizē	esigxivizile, esigxivizē	sigxivizile, sigxivizē	asigxivizanga	esingagxivizanga	singagxivizanga
Class 8	zigxivizile, zigxivizē	ezigxivizile, ezigxivizē	zigxivizile, zigxivizē	azigxivizanga	ezingagxivizanga	zingagxivizanga
Class 9	igxivizile, igxivizē	egxivizile, egxivizē	igxivizile, igxivizē	ayigxivizanga	engagxivizanga	ingagxivizanga
Class 10	zigxivizile, zigxivizē	ezigxivizile, ezigxivizē	zigxivizile, zigxivizē	azigxivizanga	ezingagxivizanga	zingagxivizanga
Class 11	lugxivizile, lugxivizē	olugxivizile, olugxivizē	lugxivizile, lugxivizē	alugxivizanga	olungagxivizanga	lungagxivizanga
Class 14	bugxivizile, bugxivizē	obugxivizile, obugxivizē	bugxivizile, bugxivizē	abugxivizanga	obungagxivizanga	bungagxivizanga
Class 15	kugxivizile, kugxivizē	okugxivizile, okugxivizē	kugxivizile, kugxivizē	akugxivizanga	okungagxivizanga	kungagxivizanga
Class 17	kugxivizile, kugxivizē	okugxivizile, okugxivizē	kugxivizile, kugxivizē	akugxivizanga	okungagxivizanga	kungagxivizanga
	Remote past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngāgxiviza	engāgxiviza	ngāgxiviza	angigxivizanga	engingagxivizanga	ngingagxivizanga
2nd singular	wāgxiviza	owāgxiviza	wāgxiviza	awugxivizanga	ongagxivizanga	ungagxivizanga
1st plural	sāgxiviza	esāgxiviza	sāgxiviza	asigxivizanga	esingagxivizanga	singagxivizanga
2nd plural	nāgxiviza	enāgxiviza	nāgxiviza	anigxivizanga	eningagxivizanga	ningagxivizanga
Class 1	wāgxiviza	owāgxiviza	āgxiviza	akagxivizanga	ongagxivizanga	engagxivizanga
Class 2	bāgxiviza	abāgxiviza	bāgxiviza	abagxivizanga	abangagxivizanga	bengagxivizanga
Class 3	wāgxiviza	owāgxiviza	wāgxiviza	awugxivizanga	ongagxivizanga	ungagxivizanga
Class 4	yāgxiviza	eyāgxiviza	yāgxiviza	ayigxivizanga	engagxivizanga	ingagxivizanga
Class 5	lāgxiviza	elāgxiviza	lāgxiviza	aligxivizanga	elingagxivizanga	lingagxivizanga
Class 6	āgxiviza	āgxiviza	āgxiviza	awagxivizanga	angagxivizanga	engagxivizanga
Class 7	sāgxiviza	esāgxiviza	sāgxiviza	asigxivizanga	esingagxivizanga	singagxivizanga
Class 8	zāgxiviza	ezāgxiviza	zāgxiviza	azigxivizanga	ezingagxivizanga	zingagxivizanga
Class 9	yāgxiviza	eyāgxiviza	yāgxiviza	ayigxivizanga	engagxivizanga	ingagxivizanga
Class 10	zāgxiviza	ezāgxiviza	zāgxiviza	azigxivizanga	ezingagxivizanga	zingagxivizanga
Class 11	lwāgxiviza	olwāgxiviza	lwāgxiviza	alugxivizanga	olungagxivizanga	lungagxivizanga
Class 14	bāgxiviza	obāgxiviza	bāgxiviza	abugxivizanga	obungagxivizanga	bungagxivizanga
Class 15	kwāgxiviza	okwāgxiviza	kwāgxiviza	akugxivizanga	okungagxivizanga	kungagxivizanga
Class 17	kwāgxiviza	okwāgxiviza	kwāgxiviza	akugxivizanga	okungagxivizanga	kungagxivizanga
	Potential
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngingagxiviza	—	ngingagxiviza	ngingegxivize	—	ngingegxivize
2nd singular	ungagxiviza	—	ungagxiviza	ungegxivize	—	ungegxivize
1st plural	singagxiviza	—	singagxiviza	singegxivize	—	singegxivize
2nd plural	ningagxiviza	—	ningagxiviza	ningegxivize	—	ningegxivize
Class 1	angagxiviza	—	engagxiviza	angegxivize	—	engegxivize
Class 2	bangagxiviza	—	bengagxiviza	bangegxivize	—	bengegxivize
Class 3	ungagxiviza	—	ungagxiviza	ungegxivize	—	ungegxivize
Class 4	ingagxiviza	—	ingagxiviza	ingegxivize	—	ingegxivize
Class 5	lingagxiviza	—	lingagxiviza	lingegxivize	—	lingegxivize
Class 6	angagxiviza	—	engagxiviza	angegxivize	—	engegxivize
Class 7	singagxiviza	—	singagxiviza	singegxivize	—	singegxivize
Class 8	zingagxiviza	—	zingagxiviza	zingegxivize	—	zingegxivize
Class 9	ingagxiviza	—	ingagxiviza	ingegxivize	—	ingegxivize
Class 10	zingagxiviza	—	zingagxiviza	zingegxivize	—	zingegxivize
Class 11	lungagxiviza	—	lungagxiviza	lungegxivize	—	lungegxivize
Class 14	bungagxiviza	—	bungagxiviza	bungegxivize	—	bungegxivize
Class 15	kungagxiviza	—	kungagxiviza	kungegxivize	—	kungegxivize
Class 17	kungagxiviza	—	kungagxiviza	kungegxivize	—	kungegxivize
	Immediate future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngizogxiviza	engizogxiviza	ngizogxiviza	angizugxiviza	engingezugxiviza	ngingezugxiviza
2nd singular	uzogxiviza	ozogxiviza	uzogxiviza	awuzugxiviza	ongezugxiviza	ungezugxiviza
1st plural	sizogxiviza	esizogxiviza	sizogxiviza	asizugxiviza	esingezugxiviza	singezugxiviza
2nd plural	nizogxiviza	enizogxiviza	nizogxiviza	anizugxiviza	eningezugxiviza	ningezugxiviza
Class 1	uzogxiviza	ozogxiviza	ezogxiviza	akazugxiviza	ongezugxiviza	engezugxiviza
Class 2	bazogxiviza	abazogxiviza	bezogxiviza	abazugxiviza	abangezugxiviza	bengezugxiviza
Class 3	uzogxiviza	ozogxiviza	uzogxiviza	awuzugxiviza	ongezugxiviza	ungezugxiviza
Class 4	izogxiviza	ezogxiviza	izogxiviza	ayizugxiviza	engezugxiviza	ingezugxiviza
Class 5	lizogxiviza	elizogxiviza	lizogxiviza	alizugxiviza	elingezugxiviza	lingezugxiviza
Class 6	azogxiviza	azogxiviza	ezogxiviza	awazugxiviza	angezugxiviza	engezugxiviza
Class 7	sizogxiviza	esizogxiviza	sizogxiviza	asizugxiviza	esingezugxiviza	singezugxiviza
Class 8	zizogxiviza	ezizogxiviza	zizogxiviza	azizugxiviza	ezingezugxiviza	zingezugxiviza
Class 9	izogxiviza	ezogxiviza	izogxiviza	ayizugxiviza	engezugxiviza	ingezugxiviza
Class 10	zizogxiviza	ezizogxiviza	zizogxiviza	azizugxiviza	ezingezugxiviza	zingezugxiviza
Class 11	luzogxiviza	oluzogxiviza	luzogxiviza	aluzugxiviza	olungezugxiviza	lungezugxiviza
Class 14	buzogxiviza	obuzogxiviza	buzogxiviza	abuzugxiviza	obungezugxiviza	bungezugxiviza
Class 15	kuzogxiviza	okuzogxiviza	kuzogxiviza	akuzugxiviza	okungezugxiviza	kungezugxiviza
Class 17	kuzogxiviza	okuzogxiviza	kuzogxiviza	akuzugxiviza	okungezugxiviza	kungezugxiviza
	Remote future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyogxiviza	engiyogxiviza	ngiyogxiviza	angiyugxiviza	engingeyugxiviza	ngingeyugxiviza
2nd singular	uyogxiviza	oyogxiviza	uyogxiviza	awuyugxiviza	ongeyugxiviza	ungeyugxiviza
1st plural	siyogxiviza	esiyogxiviza	siyogxiviza	asiyugxiviza	esingeyugxiviza	singeyugxiviza
2nd plural	niyogxiviza	eniyogxiviza	niyogxiviza	aniyugxiviza	eningeyugxiviza	ningeyugxiviza
Class 1	uyogxiviza	oyogxiviza	eyogxiviza	akayugxiviza	ongeyugxiviza	engeyugxiviza
Class 2	bayogxiviza	abayogxiviza	beyogxiviza	abayugxiviza	abangeyugxiviza	bengeyugxiviza
Class 3	uyogxiviza	oyogxiviza	uyogxiviza	awuyugxiviza	ongeyugxiviza	ungeyugxiviza
Class 4	iyogxiviza	eyogxiviza	iyogxiviza	ayiyugxiviza	engeyugxiviza	ingeyugxiviza
Class 5	liyogxiviza	eliyogxiviza	liyogxiviza	aliyugxiviza	elingeyugxiviza	lingeyugxiviza
Class 6	ayogxiviza	ayogxiviza	eyogxiviza	awayugxiviza	angeyugxiviza	engeyugxiviza
Class 7	siyogxiviza	esiyogxiviza	siyogxiviza	asiyugxiviza	esingeyugxiviza	singeyugxiviza
Class 8	ziyogxiviza	eziyogxiviza	ziyogxiviza	aziyugxiviza	ezingeyugxiviza	zingeyugxiviza
Class 9	iyogxiviza	eyogxiviza	iyogxiviza	ayiyugxiviza	engeyugxiviza	ingeyugxiviza
Class 10	ziyogxiviza	eziyogxiviza	ziyogxiviza	aziyugxiviza	ezingeyugxiviza	zingeyugxiviza
Class 11	luyogxiviza	oluyogxiviza	luyogxiviza	aluyugxiviza	olungeyugxiviza	lungeyugxiviza
Class 14	buyogxiviza	obuyogxiviza	buyogxiviza	abuyugxiviza	obungeyugxiviza	bungeyugxiviza
Class 15	kuyogxiviza	okuyogxiviza	kuyogxiviza	akuyugxiviza	okungeyugxiviza	kungeyugxiviza
Class 17	kuyogxiviza	okuyogxiviza	kuyogxiviza	akuyugxiviza	okungeyugxiviza	kungeyugxiviza
	Present subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngigxivize	ngingagxivizi
2nd singular	ugxivize	ungagxivizi
1st plural	sigxivize	singagxivizi
2nd plural	nigxivize	ningagxivizi
Class 1	agxivize	angagxivizi
Class 2	bagxivize	bangagxivizi
Class 3	ugxivize	ungagxivizi
Class 4	igxivize	ingagxivizi
Class 5	ligxivize	lingagxivizi
Class 6	agxivize	angagxivizi
Class 7	sigxivize	singagxivizi
Class 8	zigxivize	zingagxivizi
Class 9	igxivize	ingagxivizi
Class 10	zigxivize	zingagxivizi
Class 11	lugxivize	lungagxivizi
Class 14	bugxivize	bungagxivizi
Class 15	kugxivize	kungagxivizi
Class 17	kugxivize	kungagxivizi
	Past subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngagxiviza	ngangagxiviza, angagxiviza, angangagxiviza
2nd singular	wagxiviza	wangagxiviza, awagxiviza, awangagxiviza
1st plural	sagxiviza	sangagxiviza, asagxiviza, asangagxiviza
2nd plural	nagxiviza	nangagxiviza, anagxiviza, anangagxiviza
Class 1	wagxiviza	wangagxiviza, akagxiviza, akangagxiviza
Class 2	bagxiviza	bangagxiviza, abagxiviza, abangagxiviza
Class 3	wagxiviza	wangagxiviza, awagxiviza, awangagxiviza
Class 4	yagxiviza	yangagxiviza, ayagxiviza, ayangagxiviza
Class 5	lagxiviza	langagxiviza, alagxiviza, alangagxiviza
Class 6	agxiviza	angagxiviza, awagxiviza, awangagxiviza
Class 7	sagxiviza	sangagxiviza, asagxiviza, asangagxiviza
Class 8	zagxiviza	zangagxiviza, azagxiviza, azangagxiviza
Class 9	yagxiviza	yangagxiviza, ayagxiviza, ayangagxiviza
Class 10	zagxiviza	zangagxiviza, azagxiviza, azangagxiviza
Class 11	lwagxiviza	lwangagxiviza, alwagxiviza, alwangagxiviza
Class 14	bagxiviza	bangagxiviza, abagxiviza, abangagxiviza
Class 15	kwagxiviza	kwangagxiviza, akwagxiviza, akwangagxiviza
Class 17	kwagxiviza	kwangagxiviza, akwagxiviza, akwangagxiviza

References

• C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “gxiviza”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “gxiviza (3.2.9)”