kỳko

Kari'na

Etymology

Likely from an earlier *kyko (first-person inclusive dual pronoun) +‎ Proto-Cariban *rô (emphatic particle), thus cognate to Kuikúro kukuge, Ikpeng uguro, ugro, Pará Arára ugoro, and possibly Bakairí kurâ, with the first element also cognate to Waimiri-Atroari kyky. Ultimately derived from Proto-Cariban, perhaps *kɨku, but only the initial *kɨ- element may be reconstructible to Proto-Cariban, as other Cariban languages have pronouns of the same function formed with different extensions to this stem.

Pronunciation

• (Suriname) IPA^(key): [kɨhko]

Pronoun

kỳko

1. (Guyana, Suriname) the first-person inclusive dual pronoun; you and I, me and you, the two of us

   Synonym: (Venezuela) kymoro

Usage notes

Verbs agreeing with this pronoun take singular agreement.

Inflection

Kari'na personal pronouns

	singular	dual	plural
first person exclusive	awu	nàna, ànaW	nàna, ànaW
first person inclusive	—	kỳko, kymoroV	kỳkaro(n), kymonjároV
second person	amoro	—	amyjaro(n), amonjároV
third person	(use demonstratives)
V. Venezuelan dialect. W. West Surinamese dialect.

References

• Courtz, Hendrik (2008) A Carib grammar and dictionary‎^[1], Toronto: Magoria Books, →ISBN, pages 52–53, 310
• Ahlbrinck, Willem (1931) “kïko”, in Encyclopaedie der Karaïben, Amsterdam: Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, page 217; republished as Willem Ahlbrinck, Doude van Herwijnen, transl., L'Encyclopédie des Caraïbes‎^[2], Paris, 1956, page 211
• Yamada, Racquel-María (2010) “ky'ko”, in Speech community-based documentation, description, and revitalization: Kari’nja in Konomerume‎^[3], University of Oregon, page 757
• Meira, Sérgio (2002) “A first comparison of pronominal and demonstrative systems in the Cariban language family”, in Mily Crevels, Simon van de Kerke, Sergio Meira and Hein van der Voort, editors, Current Studies on South American Languages‎^[4], Leiden: Research School of Asian, African, and American Studies (CNWS), Leiden University, →ISBN, pages 255–275