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Pronunciation[edit]
IPA(key): /ᵑǃamúːla/
-nqamúla
- (transitive) to cut, to cut off, to cut through, to amputate
- (transitive) to stop, to bring to an end
- (transitive) to cut short (take a shortcut)
Inflection[edit]
Tone H
|
Infinitive
|
ukunqamula
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
Infinitive
|
ukunqamula
|
ukunganqamuli
|
|
Imperative
|
|
Simple
|
+ object concord
|
Singular
|
nqamula
|
-nqamule
|
Plural
|
nqamulani
|
-nqamuleni
|
|
Present
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngiyanqamula, nginqamula
|
enginqamulayo, enginqamula
|
nginqamula
|
anginqamuli
|
enginganqamuli
|
nginganqamuli
|
2nd singular
|
uyanqamula, unqamula
|
onqamulayo, onqamula
|
unqamula
|
awunqamuli
|
onganqamuli
|
unganqamuli
|
1st plural
|
siyanqamula, sinqamula
|
esinqamulayo, esinqamula
|
sinqamula
|
asinqamuli
|
esinganqamuli
|
singanqamuli
|
2nd plural
|
niyanqamula, ninqamula
|
eninqamulayo, eninqamula
|
ninqamula
|
aninqamuli
|
eninganqamuli
|
ninganqamuli
|
Class 1
|
uyanqamula, unqamula
|
onqamulayo, onqamula
|
enqamula
|
akanqamuli
|
onganqamuli
|
enganqamuli
|
Class 2
|
bayanqamula, banqamula
|
abanqamulayo, abanqamula
|
benqamula
|
abanqamuli
|
abanganqamuli
|
benganqamuli
|
Class 3
|
uyanqamula, unqamula
|
onqamulayo, onqamula
|
unqamula
|
awunqamuli
|
onganqamuli
|
unganqamuli
|
Class 4
|
iyanqamula, inqamula
|
enqamulayo, enqamula
|
inqamula
|
ayinqamuli
|
enganqamuli
|
inganqamuli
|
Class 5
|
liyanqamula, linqamula
|
elinqamulayo, elinqamula
|
linqamula
|
alinqamuli
|
elinganqamuli
|
linganqamuli
|
Class 6
|
ayanqamula, anqamula
|
anqamulayo, anqamula
|
enqamula
|
awanqamuli
|
anganqamuli
|
enganqamuli
|
Class 7
|
siyanqamula, sinqamula
|
esinqamulayo, esinqamula
|
sinqamula
|
asinqamuli
|
esinganqamuli
|
singanqamuli
|
Class 8
|
ziyanqamula, zinqamula
|
ezinqamulayo, ezinqamula
|
zinqamula
|
azinqamuli
|
ezinganqamuli
|
zinganqamuli
|
Class 9
|
iyanqamula, inqamula
|
enqamulayo, enqamula
|
inqamula
|
ayinqamuli
|
enganqamuli
|
inganqamuli
|
Class 10
|
ziyanqamula, zinqamula
|
ezinqamulayo, ezinqamula
|
zinqamula
|
azinqamuli
|
ezinganqamuli
|
zinganqamuli
|
Class 11
|
luyanqamula, lunqamula
|
olunqamulayo, olunqamula
|
lunqamula
|
alunqamuli
|
olunganqamuli
|
lunganqamuli
|
Class 14
|
buyanqamula, bunqamula
|
obunqamulayo, obunqamula
|
bunqamula
|
abunqamuli
|
obunganqamuli
|
bunganqamuli
|
Class 15
|
kuyanqamula, kunqamula
|
okunqamulayo, okunqamula
|
kunqamula
|
akunqamuli
|
okunganqamuli
|
kunganqamuli
|
Class 17
|
kuyanqamula, kunqamula
|
okunqamulayo, okunqamula
|
kunqamula
|
akunqamuli
|
okunganqamuli
|
kunganqamuli
|
|
Recent past
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
nginqamulile, nginqamulē
|
enginqamulile, enginqamulē
|
nginqamulile, nginqamulē
|
anginqamulanga
|
enginganqamulanga
|
nginganqamulanga
|
2nd singular
|
unqamulile, unqamulē
|
onqamulile, onqamulē
|
unqamulile, unqamulē
|
awunqamulanga
|
onganqamulanga
|
unganqamulanga
|
1st plural
|
sinqamulile, sinqamulē
|
esinqamulile, esinqamulē
|
sinqamulile, sinqamulē
|
asinqamulanga
|
esinganqamulanga
|
singanqamulanga
|
2nd plural
|
ninqamulile, ninqamulē
|
eninqamulile, eninqamulē
|
ninqamulile, ninqamulē
|
aninqamulanga
|
eninganqamulanga
|
ninganqamulanga
|
Class 1
|
unqamulile, unqamulē
|
onqamulile, onqamulē
|
enqamulile, enqamulē
|
akanqamulanga
|
onganqamulanga
|
enganqamulanga
|
Class 2
|
banqamulile, banqamulē
|
abanqamulile, abanqamulē
|
benqamulile, benqamulē
|
abanqamulanga
|
abanganqamulanga
|
benganqamulanga
|
Class 3
|
unqamulile, unqamulē
|
onqamulile, onqamulē
|
unqamulile, unqamulē
|
awunqamulanga
|
onganqamulanga
|
unganqamulanga
|
Class 4
|
inqamulile, inqamulē
|
enqamulile, enqamulē
|
inqamulile, inqamulē
|
ayinqamulanga
|
enganqamulanga
|
inganqamulanga
|
Class 5
|
linqamulile, linqamulē
|
elinqamulile, elinqamulē
|
linqamulile, linqamulē
|
alinqamulanga
|
elinganqamulanga
|
linganqamulanga
|
Class 6
|
anqamulile, anqamulē
|
anqamulile, anqamulē
|
enqamulile, enqamulē
|
awanqamulanga
|
anganqamulanga
|
enganqamulanga
|
Class 7
|
sinqamulile, sinqamulē
|
esinqamulile, esinqamulē
|
sinqamulile, sinqamulē
|
asinqamulanga
|
esinganqamulanga
|
singanqamulanga
|
Class 8
|
zinqamulile, zinqamulē
|
ezinqamulile, ezinqamulē
|
zinqamulile, zinqamulē
|
azinqamulanga
|
ezinganqamulanga
|
zinganqamulanga
|
Class 9
|
inqamulile, inqamulē
|
enqamulile, enqamulē
|
inqamulile, inqamulē
|
ayinqamulanga
|
enganqamulanga
|
inganqamulanga
|
Class 10
|
zinqamulile, zinqamulē
|
ezinqamulile, ezinqamulē
|
zinqamulile, zinqamulē
|
azinqamulanga
|
ezinganqamulanga
|
zinganqamulanga
|
Class 11
|
lunqamulile, lunqamulē
|
olunqamulile, olunqamulē
|
lunqamulile, lunqamulē
|
alunqamulanga
|
olunganqamulanga
|
lunganqamulanga
|
Class 14
|
bunqamulile, bunqamulē
|
obunqamulile, obunqamulē
|
bunqamulile, bunqamulē
|
abunqamulanga
|
obunganqamulanga
|
bunganqamulanga
|
Class 15
|
kunqamulile, kunqamulē
|
okunqamulile, okunqamulē
|
kunqamulile, kunqamulē
|
akunqamulanga
|
okunganqamulanga
|
kunganqamulanga
|
Class 17
|
kunqamulile, kunqamulē
|
okunqamulile, okunqamulē
|
kunqamulile, kunqamulē
|
akunqamulanga
|
okunganqamulanga
|
kunganqamulanga
|
|
Remote past
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngānqamula
|
engānqamula
|
ngānqamula
|
anginqamulanga
|
enginganqamulanga
|
nginganqamulanga
|
2nd singular
|
wānqamula
|
owānqamula
|
wānqamula
|
awunqamulanga
|
onganqamulanga
|
unganqamulanga
|
1st plural
|
sānqamula
|
esānqamula
|
sānqamula
|
asinqamulanga
|
esinganqamulanga
|
singanqamulanga
|
2nd plural
|
nānqamula
|
enānqamula
|
nānqamula
|
aninqamulanga
|
eninganqamulanga
|
ninganqamulanga
|
Class 1
|
wānqamula
|
owānqamula
|
ānqamula
|
akanqamulanga
|
onganqamulanga
|
enganqamulanga
|
Class 2
|
bānqamula
|
abānqamula
|
bānqamula
|
abanqamulanga
|
abanganqamulanga
|
benganqamulanga
|
Class 3
|
wānqamula
|
owānqamula
|
wānqamula
|
awunqamulanga
|
onganqamulanga
|
unganqamulanga
|
Class 4
|
yānqamula
|
eyānqamula
|
yānqamula
|
ayinqamulanga
|
enganqamulanga
|
inganqamulanga
|
Class 5
|
lānqamula
|
elānqamula
|
lānqamula
|
alinqamulanga
|
elinganqamulanga
|
linganqamulanga
|
Class 6
|
ānqamula
|
ānqamula
|
ānqamula
|
awanqamulanga
|
anganqamulanga
|
enganqamulanga
|
Class 7
|
sānqamula
|
esānqamula
|
sānqamula
|
asinqamulanga
|
esinganqamulanga
|
singanqamulanga
|
Class 8
|
zānqamula
|
ezānqamula
|
zānqamula
|
azinqamulanga
|
ezinganqamulanga
|
zinganqamulanga
|
Class 9
|
yānqamula
|
eyānqamula
|
yānqamula
|
ayinqamulanga
|
enganqamulanga
|
inganqamulanga
|
Class 10
|
zānqamula
|
ezānqamula
|
zānqamula
|
azinqamulanga
|
ezinganqamulanga
|
zinganqamulanga
|
Class 11
|
lwānqamula
|
olwānqamula
|
lwānqamula
|
alunqamulanga
|
olunganqamulanga
|
lunganqamulanga
|
Class 14
|
bānqamula
|
obānqamula
|
bānqamula
|
abunqamulanga
|
obunganqamulanga
|
bunganqamulanga
|
Class 15
|
kwānqamula
|
okwānqamula
|
kwānqamula
|
akunqamulanga
|
okunganqamulanga
|
kunganqamulanga
|
Class 17
|
kwānqamula
|
okwānqamula
|
kwānqamula
|
akunqamulanga
|
okunganqamulanga
|
kunganqamulanga
|
|
Potential
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
nginganqamula
|
—
|
nginganqamula
|
ngingenqamule
|
—
|
ngingenqamule
|
2nd singular
|
unganqamula
|
—
|
unganqamula
|
ungenqamule
|
—
|
ungenqamule
|
1st plural
|
singanqamula
|
—
|
singanqamula
|
singenqamule
|
—
|
singenqamule
|
2nd plural
|
ninganqamula
|
—
|
ninganqamula
|
ningenqamule
|
—
|
ningenqamule
|
Class 1
|
anganqamula
|
—
|
enganqamula
|
angenqamule
|
—
|
engenqamule
|
Class 2
|
banganqamula
|
—
|
benganqamula
|
bangenqamule
|
—
|
bengenqamule
|
Class 3
|
unganqamula
|
—
|
unganqamula
|
ungenqamule
|
—
|
ungenqamule
|
Class 4
|
inganqamula
|
—
|
inganqamula
|
ingenqamule
|
—
|
ingenqamule
|
Class 5
|
linganqamula
|
—
|
linganqamula
|
lingenqamule
|
—
|
lingenqamule
|
Class 6
|
anganqamula
|
—
|
enganqamula
|
angenqamule
|
—
|
engenqamule
|
Class 7
|
singanqamula
|
—
|
singanqamula
|
singenqamule
|
—
|
singenqamule
|
Class 8
|
zinganqamula
|
—
|
zinganqamula
|
zingenqamule
|
—
|
zingenqamule
|
Class 9
|
inganqamula
|
—
|
inganqamula
|
ingenqamule
|
—
|
ingenqamule
|
Class 10
|
zinganqamula
|
—
|
zinganqamula
|
zingenqamule
|
—
|
zingenqamule
|
Class 11
|
lunganqamula
|
—
|
lunganqamula
|
lungenqamule
|
—
|
lungenqamule
|
Class 14
|
bunganqamula
|
—
|
bunganqamula
|
bungenqamule
|
—
|
bungenqamule
|
Class 15
|
kunganqamula
|
—
|
kunganqamula
|
kungenqamule
|
—
|
kungenqamule
|
Class 17
|
kunganqamula
|
—
|
kunganqamula
|
kungenqamule
|
—
|
kungenqamule
|
|
Immediate future
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngizonqamula
|
engizonqamula
|
ngizonqamula
|
angizunqamula
|
engingezunqamula
|
ngingezunqamula
|
2nd singular
|
uzonqamula
|
ozonqamula
|
uzonqamula
|
awuzunqamula
|
ongezunqamula
|
ungezunqamula
|
1st plural
|
sizonqamula
|
esizonqamula
|
sizonqamula
|
asizunqamula
|
esingezunqamula
|
singezunqamula
|
2nd plural
|
nizonqamula
|
enizonqamula
|
nizonqamula
|
anizunqamula
|
eningezunqamula
|
ningezunqamula
|
Class 1
|
uzonqamula
|
ozonqamula
|
ezonqamula
|
akazunqamula
|
ongezunqamula
|
engezunqamula
|
Class 2
|
bazonqamula
|
abazonqamula
|
bezonqamula
|
abazunqamula
|
abangezunqamula
|
bengezunqamula
|
Class 3
|
uzonqamula
|
ozonqamula
|
uzonqamula
|
awuzunqamula
|
ongezunqamula
|
ungezunqamula
|
Class 4
|
izonqamula
|
ezonqamula
|
izonqamula
|
ayizunqamula
|
engezunqamula
|
ingezunqamula
|
Class 5
|
lizonqamula
|
elizonqamula
|
lizonqamula
|
alizunqamula
|
elingezunqamula
|
lingezunqamula
|
Class 6
|
azonqamula
|
azonqamula
|
ezonqamula
|
awazunqamula
|
angezunqamula
|
engezunqamula
|
Class 7
|
sizonqamula
|
esizonqamula
|
sizonqamula
|
asizunqamula
|
esingezunqamula
|
singezunqamula
|
Class 8
|
zizonqamula
|
ezizonqamula
|
zizonqamula
|
azizunqamula
|
ezingezunqamula
|
zingezunqamula
|
Class 9
|
izonqamula
|
ezonqamula
|
izonqamula
|
ayizunqamula
|
engezunqamula
|
ingezunqamula
|
Class 10
|
zizonqamula
|
ezizonqamula
|
zizonqamula
|
azizunqamula
|
ezingezunqamula
|
zingezunqamula
|
Class 11
|
luzonqamula
|
oluzonqamula
|
luzonqamula
|
aluzunqamula
|
olungezunqamula
|
lungezunqamula
|
Class 14
|
buzonqamula
|
obuzonqamula
|
buzonqamula
|
abuzunqamula
|
obungezunqamula
|
bungezunqamula
|
Class 15
|
kuzonqamula
|
okuzonqamula
|
kuzonqamula
|
akuzunqamula
|
okungezunqamula
|
kungezunqamula
|
Class 17
|
kuzonqamula
|
okuzonqamula
|
kuzonqamula
|
akuzunqamula
|
okungezunqamula
|
kungezunqamula
|
|
Remote future
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngiyonqamula
|
engiyonqamula
|
ngiyonqamula
|
angiyunqamula
|
engingeyunqamula
|
ngingeyunqamula
|
2nd singular
|
uyonqamula
|
oyonqamula
|
uyonqamula
|
awuyunqamula
|
ongeyunqamula
|
ungeyunqamula
|
1st plural
|
siyonqamula
|
esiyonqamula
|
siyonqamula
|
asiyunqamula
|
esingeyunqamula
|
singeyunqamula
|
2nd plural
|
niyonqamula
|
eniyonqamula
|
niyonqamula
|
aniyunqamula
|
eningeyunqamula
|
ningeyunqamula
|
Class 1
|
uyonqamula
|
oyonqamula
|
eyonqamula
|
akayunqamula
|
ongeyunqamula
|
engeyunqamula
|
Class 2
|
bayonqamula
|
abayonqamula
|
beyonqamula
|
abayunqamula
|
abangeyunqamula
|
bengeyunqamula
|
Class 3
|
uyonqamula
|
oyonqamula
|
uyonqamula
|
awuyunqamula
|
ongeyunqamula
|
ungeyunqamula
|
Class 4
|
iyonqamula
|
eyonqamula
|
iyonqamula
|
ayiyunqamula
|
engeyunqamula
|
ingeyunqamula
|
Class 5
|
liyonqamula
|
eliyonqamula
|
liyonqamula
|
aliyunqamula
|
elingeyunqamula
|
lingeyunqamula
|
Class 6
|
ayonqamula
|
ayonqamula
|
eyonqamula
|
awayunqamula
|
angeyunqamula
|
engeyunqamula
|
Class 7
|
siyonqamula
|
esiyonqamula
|
siyonqamula
|
asiyunqamula
|
esingeyunqamula
|
singeyunqamula
|
Class 8
|
ziyonqamula
|
eziyonqamula
|
ziyonqamula
|
aziyunqamula
|
ezingeyunqamula
|
zingeyunqamula
|
Class 9
|
iyonqamula
|
eyonqamula
|
iyonqamula
|
ayiyunqamula
|
engeyunqamula
|
ingeyunqamula
|
Class 10
|
ziyonqamula
|
eziyonqamula
|
ziyonqamula
|
aziyunqamula
|
ezingeyunqamula
|
zingeyunqamula
|
Class 11
|
luyonqamula
|
oluyonqamula
|
luyonqamula
|
aluyunqamula
|
olungeyunqamula
|
lungeyunqamula
|
Class 14
|
buyonqamula
|
obuyonqamula
|
buyonqamula
|
abuyunqamula
|
obungeyunqamula
|
bungeyunqamula
|
Class 15
|
kuyonqamula
|
okuyonqamula
|
kuyonqamula
|
akuyunqamula
|
okungeyunqamula
|
kungeyunqamula
|
Class 17
|
kuyonqamula
|
okuyonqamula
|
kuyonqamula
|
akuyunqamula
|
okungeyunqamula
|
kungeyunqamula
|
|
Present subjunctive
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
1st singular
|
nginqamule
|
nginganqamuli
|
2nd singular
|
unqamule
|
unganqamuli
|
1st plural
|
sinqamule
|
singanqamuli
|
2nd plural
|
ninqamule
|
ninganqamuli
|
Class 1
|
anqamule
|
anganqamuli
|
Class 2
|
banqamule
|
banganqamuli
|
Class 3
|
unqamule
|
unganqamuli
|
Class 4
|
inqamule
|
inganqamuli
|
Class 5
|
linqamule
|
linganqamuli
|
Class 6
|
anqamule
|
anganqamuli
|
Class 7
|
sinqamule
|
singanqamuli
|
Class 8
|
zinqamule
|
zinganqamuli
|
Class 9
|
inqamule
|
inganqamuli
|
Class 10
|
zinqamule
|
zinganqamuli
|
Class 11
|
lunqamule
|
lunganqamuli
|
Class 14
|
bunqamule
|
bunganqamuli
|
Class 15
|
kunqamule
|
kunganqamuli
|
Class 17
|
kunqamule
|
kunganqamuli
|
|
Past subjunctive
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
1st singular
|
nganqamula
|
nganganqamula, anganqamula, anganganqamula
|
2nd singular
|
wanqamula
|
wanganqamula, awanqamula, awanganqamula
|
1st plural
|
sanqamula
|
sanganqamula, asanqamula, asanganqamula
|
2nd plural
|
nanqamula
|
nanganqamula, ananqamula, ananganqamula
|
Class 1
|
wanqamula
|
wanganqamula, akanqamula, akanganqamula
|
Class 2
|
banqamula
|
banganqamula, abanqamula, abanganqamula
|
Class 3
|
wanqamula
|
wanganqamula, awanqamula, awanganqamula
|
Class 4
|
yanqamula
|
yanganqamula, ayanqamula, ayanganqamula
|
Class 5
|
lanqamula
|
langanqamula, alanqamula, alanganqamula
|
Class 6
|
anqamula
|
anganqamula, awanqamula, awanganqamula
|
Class 7
|
sanqamula
|
sanganqamula, asanqamula, asanganqamula
|
Class 8
|
zanqamula
|
zanganqamula, azanqamula, azanganqamula
|
Class 9
|
yanqamula
|
yanganqamula, ayanqamula, ayanganqamula
|
Class 10
|
zanqamula
|
zanganqamula, azanqamula, azanganqamula
|
Class 11
|
lwanqamula
|
lwanganqamula, alwanqamula, alwanganqamula
|
Class 14
|
banqamula
|
banganqamula, abanqamula, abanganqamula
|
Class 15
|
kwanqamula
|
kwanganqamula, akwanqamula, akwanganqamula
|
Class 17
|
kwanqamula
|
kwanganqamula, akwanqamula, akwanganqamula
|
References[edit]