swḫꜣ

Egyptian

FWOTD – 22 July 2023

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /suːxɑ/
  • Conventional anglicization: sukha

Etymology 1

s- (causative prefix) +‎ wḫꜣ (“to be foolish”).

Verb

 caus. 3-lit.

1. (transitive) to befool, to make a fool of (someone)
   • c. 1859 BCE – 1840 BCE, The Eloquent Peasant, version B1 (pAmherst 1 and pBerlin 3023) lines 312–313:

     jw {sw}⟨ws⟩f.k r tht.k jw ꜥwn-jb.k r swḫꜣ.k jw snm.k r sḫpr ḫrwyw.k

     Your neglectfulness will violate you, your greed will make a fool of you, your rapacity will bring your enemies into being.

Inflection

Conjugation of swḫꜣ (causative triliteral / caus. 3-lit. / caus. 3rad.) — base stem: swḫꜣ

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
swḫꜣ	swḫꜣw, swḫꜣ	swḫꜣt	swḫꜣ	swḫꜣ

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
swḫꜣ	ḥr swḫꜣ	m swḫꜣ	r swḫꜣ

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	swḫꜣ.n	swḫꜣw, swḫꜣ	consecutive	swḫꜣ.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	swḫꜣt
perfective3	swḫꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	swḫꜣ.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	swḫꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	swḫꜣw, swḫꜣ, swḫꜣy	swḫꜣw, swḫꜣ, swḫꜣy	potentialis1	swḫꜣ.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	swḫꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	swḫꜣ.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	swḫꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2	swḫꜣ	swḫꜣ, swḫꜣw5, swḫꜣy5
imperfective	swḫꜣ, swḫꜣy, swḫꜣw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	swḫꜣ, swḫꜣj6, swḫꜣy6	swḫꜣ, swḫꜣw5
prospective	swḫꜣ, swḫꜣtj7	—	swḫꜣwtj1 4, swḫꜣtj4, swḫꜣt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of swḫꜣ  

swḫꜣ	swḫj

Noun

 m

1. misspeaking or ineffectiveness in speaking (usually of spells, magic, etc.)

Inflection

Declension of swḫꜣ (masculine)

singular	swḫꜣ
dual	swḫꜣwj
plural	swḫꜣw

Alternative forms

See under the verb above.

Etymology 2

Prefixed with s- (causative prefix); the stem is perhaps wḫ (“to be dark”).

Verb

 caus. 3-lit.

1. (intransitive) to spend the night (+ m: in (a place))

Inflection

Conjugation of swḫꜣ (causative triliteral / caus. 3-lit. / caus. 3rad.) — base stem: swḫꜣ

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
swḫꜣ	swḫꜣw, swḫꜣ	swḫꜣt	swḫꜣ	swḫꜣ

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
swḫꜣ	ḥr swḫꜣ	m swḫꜣ	r swḫꜣ

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	swḫꜣ.n	swḫꜣw, swḫꜣ	consecutive	swḫꜣ.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	swḫꜣt
perfective3	swḫꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	swḫꜣ.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	swḫꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	swḫꜣw, swḫꜣ, swḫꜣy	swḫꜣw, swḫꜣ, swḫꜣy	potentialis1	swḫꜣ.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	swḫꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	swḫꜣ.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	swḫꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2	swḫꜣ	swḫꜣ, swḫꜣw5, swḫꜣy5
imperfective	swḫꜣ, swḫꜣy, swḫꜣw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	swḫꜣ, swḫꜣj6, swḫꜣy6	swḫꜣ, swḫꜣw5
prospective	swḫꜣ, swḫꜣtj7	—	swḫꜣwtj1 4, swḫꜣtj4, swḫꜣt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of swḫꜣ  

swḫ	swḫꜣ	sḫꜣ
	[New Kingdom]	[New Kingdom]

References

• “swḫꜣ (lemma ID 130690)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎^[1], Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
• “swḫꜣ (lemma ID 851604)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎^[2], Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
• “swḫꜣ (lemma ID 130680)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎^[3], Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1930) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[4], volume 4, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 74.6–74.9
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, pages 217–218