sweren
Middle Dutch[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
From Old Dutch sweren, from Proto-West Germanic *swarjan, from Proto-Germanic *swarjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *swer-.
Verb[edit]
swēren
Inflection[edit]
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
Alternative forms[edit]
Descendants[edit]
Etymology 2[edit]
From Old Dutch *sweran, from Proto-Germanic *sweraną.
Verb[edit]
swēren
Inflection[edit]
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
Descendants
- Dutch: zweren
Further reading[edit]
- “sweren (III)”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
- “sweren (IV)”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
- Verwijs, E., Verdam, J. (1885–1929) “sweren (I)”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN, page I
- Verwijs, E., Verdam, J. (1885–1929) “sweren (II)”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN, page II
Middle English[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Old English swerian, from Proto-West Germanic *swarjan, from Proto-Germanic *swarjaną; a cognate of Middle Low German sweren, Old Swedish sværia, Old Danish swæriæ, Middle Dutch swēren, and Middle High German swern.
Pronunciation[edit]
Verb[edit]
sweren
- To swear to do something; to make an oral binding statement.
- To swear while laying hands on something as confirmation.
- To swear by using a deity or divinity as witness.
- To swear to remain truthful, honest and trustworthy.
- To swear to adhere or remain faithful to a given person.
- (rare) To give approval or permission by swearing.
- To give witness in a legal or judicial context.
- To curse; to utter swearwords (especially as part of a promise)
- To approve or affirm an oral binding statement.
- To form a conspiracy or secret pact; to effect covertly.
- To make a decisive and important statement or claim.
- (rare) To claim or exclaim; to state.
- (rare) To lay the foundation for a religion.
Usage notes[edit]
Occasional weak forms are also found throughout the Middle English period.
Conjugation[edit]
infinitive | (to) sweren, swere | ||
---|---|---|---|
present tense | past tense | ||
1st-person singular | swere | swor, swar | |
2nd-person singular | swerest | swore, sware, swor, swar | |
3rd-person singular | swereth | swor, swar | |
subjunctive singular | swere | swore1, sware1 | |
imperative singular | — | ||
plural2 | sweren, swere | sworen, swore, swaren, sware | |
imperative plural | swereth, swere | — | |
participles | swerynge, swerende | sworen, swore, sworn, ysworen, yswore, ysworn |
1Replaced by the indicative in later Middle English.
2Sometimes used as a formal 2nd-person singular.
Related terms[edit]
Descendants[edit]
References[edit]
- “swēren, v.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-12-3.
Old Dutch[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Proto-West Germanic *swarjan, from Proto-Germanic *swarjaną.
Verb[edit]
sweren
Inflection[edit]
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
Derived terms[edit]
Descendants[edit]
Further reading[edit]
- “sweren”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012
Old High German[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Proto-West Germanic *swarjan, from Proto-Germanic *swarjaną, whence also Old Saxon swerian, Old English swerian, Old Norse sverja, Gothic 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽 (swaran). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *swer-.
Verb[edit]
sweren
- to swear
Descendants[edit]
- Middle Dutch terms inherited from Old Dutch
- Middle Dutch terms derived from Old Dutch
- Middle Dutch terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- Middle Dutch terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- Middle Dutch terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Middle Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Middle Dutch terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Middle Dutch lemmas
- Middle Dutch verbs
- Middle Dutch class 6 strong verbs
- Middle Dutch strong verbs
- Middle English terms inherited from Old English
- Middle English terms derived from Old English
- Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Middle English terms with IPA pronunciation
- Middle English lemmas
- Middle English verbs
- Middle English terms with rare senses
- Middle English class 6 strong verbs
- Middle English class 4 strong verbs
- enm:Directives
- enm:Law
- enm:Talking
- Old Dutch terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- Old Dutch terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- Old Dutch terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Old Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Old Dutch lemmas
- Old Dutch verbs
- Old Dutch class 6 strong verbs
- Old High German terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Old High German terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *swer- (swear)
- Old High German terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- Old High German terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- Old High German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Old High German terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Old High German lemmas
- Old High German verbs