twr

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See also: tŵr

Egyptian[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

twr
r

 3-lit.

  1. (transitive) to show respect to (people or statues of the dead), to treat reverently [since the Pyramid Texts]
  2. (intransitive) to act respectful, to show respect (+ ḥr: to)
  3. (transitive) to worship, to honor (a god)
  4. (transitive, of a priest or son of the dead) to honor (the dead)
  5. (transitive, of the king) to honor, to magnify, to bestow honors on (one’s officials)
  6. (transitive) to hail, to greet respectfully
    • 12th Dynasty, The Story of Sinuhe line 11:
    • c. 1859 BCE – 1840 BCE, The Story of Sinuhe, version B (pBerlin 3022 and pAmherst n-q) lines 10–11:
      x
      p      		 D54
      n      		 A1z&A1&Z1 aHaa
      D54      		 mrZ1wAAtN31t
      r      		 M6Y1
      n      		 fwA1snDA2n
      f
      ḫp.n.j z ꜥḥꜥ(.w) m r(ꜣ)-wꜣt t(w)r.n.f wj snḏ(.j) n.f
      I crossed a man standing on the road and he saluted me, but I feared him.
  7. (intransitive, with r) to keep one’s distance from or respect (someone’s possessions), to not violate (someone’s property) [21st Dynasty]

Inflection[edit]

Conjugation of twr (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: twr, geminated stem: twrr
infinitival forms imperative
infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural
twr
 twrw, twr
 twrt
 twr
 twr
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2
twr
 ḥr twr
 m twr
 r twr
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood active passive contingent
aspect / mood active passive
perfect twr.n
 twrw, twr
 consecutive twr.jn
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative twrt
perfective3 twr
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 obligative1 twr.ḫr
 active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective twr
 active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3 twr
 twrr
 potentialis1 twr.kꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive twr
 active + .tj1, .tw2
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles
active passive active passive
perfect twr.n
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 — —
perfective twr
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 twr
 twr, twrw5, twry5
imperfective twr, twry, twrw5
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 twr, twrj6, twry6
 twr, twrw5
prospective twr, twrtj7
 — twrtj4, twrt4
  1. Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
  2. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
  3. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
  4. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
  5. Only in the masculine singular.
  6. Only in the masculine.
  7. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms[edit]

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of twr  
t
r		 trY1
t
r		 iA30
t
r		 itrA30
twr
r		 A30
t
wr
r		 iqsA2
tr trj trj twr twrj
[Middle Kingdom literature] [since the Middle Kingdom] [since the Middle Kingdom] [since the Middle Kingdom] [New Kingdom]
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of twr  
t
r		 trA30
t
r		 trA30Y1V
T
r		 tr
tiwr
r		 P10
D40
tr tr ṯr tjwr
[since the New Kingdom] [since the New Kingdom] [18th Dynasty] [21st Dynasty]
only attested in the
Instruction of Amenemope

By the Middle Kingdom, the r in this word is often supplemented or replaced by j, reflecting the phonetic weakening or loss of r at the end of a syllable; further, the middle consonant w becomes commonly omitted.

Verb[edit]

twr
r
D94

 3-lit.

  1. (transitive) to turn away, to reject (someone unwanted as a companion, something unwanted to drink, etc.) [Pyramid Texts and archaizing texts of the Middle and New Kingdoms]

Inflection[edit]

Conjugation of twr (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: twr, geminated stem: twrr
infinitival forms imperative
infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural
twr
 twrw, twr
 twrt
 twr
 twr
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2
twr
 ḥr twr
 m twr
 r twr
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood active passive contingent
aspect / mood active passive
perfect twr.n
 twrw, twr
 consecutive twr.jn
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative twrt
perfective3 twr
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 obligative1 twr.ḫr
 active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective twr
 active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3 twr
 twrr
 potentialis1 twr.kꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive twr
 active + .tj1, .tw2
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles
active passive active passive
perfect twr.n
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 — —
perfective twr
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 twr
 twr, twrw5, twry5
imperfective twr, twry, twrw5
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 twr, twrj6, twry6
 twr, twrw5
prospective twr, twrtj7
 — twrtj4, twrt4
  1. Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
  2. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
  3. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
  4. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
  5. Only in the masculine singular.
  6. Only in the masculine.
  7. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms[edit]

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of twr  
twr
r
t
wr
twr
r
D254
twr
r
D83
twr
D94
twr
r		 A4
twr
r		 Y1V
Twr
r
t
wr
r		 iqsY1V
t
r		 iM4A4nDs
twr twr twr twr twr twr twr ṯwr twrj trj
[Pyramid Texts] [Pyramid Texts] [Pyramid Texts] [Pyramid Texts] [Pyramid Texts] [Middle Kingdom] [Middle Kingdom] [Middle Kingdom] [New Kingdom] [New Kingdom]

By the New Kingdom, the r in this word is often supplemented or replaced by j, reflecting the phonetic weakening or loss of r at the end of a syllable; further, the middle consonant w becomes occasionally omitted.

Verb[edit]

twr
r

 3-lit.

  1. (transitive) to make (something sacred) ritually clean with water, natron, or incense; to cleanse, to purify (+ r: of (evil, pollution, etc.)) [since the Middle Kingdom]
  2. (intransitive) to be(come) ritually pure or clean [since the Middle Kingdom]
  3. (intransitive, of the sky) to be(come) clear (+ r: of (clouds))

Inflection[edit]

Conjugation of twr (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: twr, geminated stem: twrr
infinitival forms imperative
infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural
twr
 twrw, twr
 twrt
 twr
 twr
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2
twr
 ḥr twr
 m twr
 r twr
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood active passive contingent
aspect / mood active passive
perfect twr.n
 twrw, twr
 consecutive twr.jn
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative twrt
perfective3 twr
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 obligative1 twr.ḫr
 active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective twr
 active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3 twr
 twrr
 potentialis1 twr.kꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive twr
 active + .tj1, .tw2
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles
active passive active passive
perfect twr.n
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 — —
perfective twr
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 twr
 twr, twrw5, twry5
imperfective twr, twry, twrw5
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 twr, twrj6, twry6
 twr, twrw5
prospective twr, twrtj7
 — twrtj4, twrt4
  1. Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
  2. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
  3. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
  4. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
  5. Only in the masculine singular.
  6. Only in the masculine.
  7. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms[edit]

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of twr  
t
wr
r		 iqsY1V
t
wr
r		 iqs
Twr
r		 iqsY1V
tiwr
r		 qsmw
d
wr
r		 qsmw
d
Z9
r		 qsmw
d
wr
r		 N36
twrj twrj ṯwrj tjwr dwr dwr dwr
[New Kingdom] [New Kingdom] [New Kingdom] [Late Period] [Greco-Roman Period] [Greco-Roman Period] [Greco-Roman Period]

By the New Kingdom, the r in this word is often supplemented or replaced by j, reflecting the phonetic weakening or loss of r at the end of a syllable. The middle consonant w is generally not omitted.

Noun[edit]

twr
r		 qsY1V

 m

  1. ritual purity or cleanliness [since the New Kingdom]

Noun[edit]

t
wr
r		 qsmwA1

 m

  1. cleaner-priest [Greco-Roman Period]
  2. epithet of the king or the god Horus [Greco-Roman Period]

Inflection[edit]

Declension of twr (masculine)
singular twr
dual twrwj
plural twrw

Alternative forms[edit]

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of twr  
d
Z9
r		 qsmwA1
dwr

Noun[edit]

twr
r		 qs

 m

  1. a kind of plant, possibly a kind of reed, used medicinally and said to be given to the dead in the afterworld

Alternative forms[edit]

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of twr  
twriqsHn
t
r		 itrHn
t
W		 riM4Hn
Z2ss
twrj trj twrj
[Middle Kingdom literature] [19th Dynasty]
in hieratic

By the Middle Kingdom, the r in this word is often supplemented or replaced by j, reflecting the phonetic weakening or loss of r at the end of a syllable; further, the middle consonant w becomes commonly omitted.

Proper noun[edit]

t
wr
r		 mw

 m

  1. a body of water in the afterworld [Book of the Dead]

References[edit]

  • “twr (lemma ID 854576)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎[1], Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
  • “twr (lemma ID 170380)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎[2], Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
  • “twr (lemma ID 170390)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎[3], Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
  • “twr (lemma ID 170320)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎[4], Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
  • “twr (lemma ID 170400)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎[5], Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
  • Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1931) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎[6], volume 5, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 252.3–252.5, 252.10–255.4, 318.1–318.8, 318.12–318.13
  • Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, pages 295, 300

Welsh[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Welsh twrr, from Proto-Brythonic *turr (Cornish tor, Scottish Gaelic tòrr), from Latin turris (“tower”) (compare Old English torr (“a high rock, tower”)). Doublet of tŵr.

More at English tor and w:Tor (rock formation) § Etymology. Also compare Latin Taurini.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

twr m (plural tyrrau)

  1. crowd, group
  2. heap, pile

Derived terms[edit]

Mutation[edit]

Welsh mutation
radical soft nasal aspirate
twr dwr nhwr thwr
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References[edit]

  • A Book of Dartmoor (1900), p. 15
  • Crossing's Guide to Dartmoor, 1912 Edition, 1965 Reprint (David & Charles, Newton Abbot)
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