Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁léngʰus
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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From *h₁lengʷʰ- (“lightweight”) + *-us (Caland system suffix).
Adjective[edit]
*h₁léngʰus[1]
- lightweight
- Antonym: *gʷréh₂us
Inflection[edit]
Older proterokinetic pattern:
| Athematic, proterokinetic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | ||
| nominative | *h₁léngʰus | *h₁ln̥gʰéwih₂ | |
| genitive | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéws | *h₁ln̥gʰuyéh₂s | |
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *h₁léngʰus | *h₁léngʰuh₁(e) | *h₁léngʰewes |
| vocative | *h₁léngʰu | *h₁léngʰuh₁(e) | *h₁léngʰewes |
| accusative | *h₁léngʰum | *h₁léngʰuh₁(e) | *h₁léngʰums |
| genitive | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéws | *? | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwoHom |
| ablative | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéws | *? | *h₁ln̥gʷʰúmos |
| dative | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwey | *? | *h₁ln̥gʷʰúmos |
| locative | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéw, *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwi | *? | *h₁ln̥gʷʰúsu |
| instrumental | *h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₁ | *? | *h₁ln̥gʷʰúmis |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *h₁ln̥gʰéwih₂ | *h₁ln̥gʰéwih₂h₁(e) | *h₁ln̥gʰéwih₂es |
| vocative | *h₁ln̥gʰéwih₂ | *h₁ln̥gʰéwih₂h₁(e) | *h₁ln̥gʰéwih₂es |
| accusative | *h₁ln̥gʰéwih₂m̥ | *h₁ln̥gʰéwih₂h₁(e) | *h₁ln̥gʰéwih₂m̥s |
| genitive | *h₁ln̥gʰuyéh₂s | *? | *h₁ln̥gʰuyéh₂oHom |
| ablative | *h₁ln̥gʰuyéh₂s | *? | *h₁ln̥gʰuyéh₂mos |
| dative | *h₁ln̥gʰuyéh₂ey | *? | *h₁ln̥gʰuyéh₂mos |
| locative | *h₁ln̥gʰuyéh₂, *h₁ln̥gʰuyéh₂i | *? | *h₁ln̥gʰuyéh₂su |
| instrumental | *h₁ln̥gʰuyéh₂h₁ | *? | *h₁ln̥gʰuyéh₂mis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *h₁léngʰu | *h₁léngʰwih₁ | *h₁léngʰuh₂ |
| vocative | *h₁léngʰu | *h₁léngʰwih₁ | *h₁léngʰuh₂ |
| accusative | *h₁léngʰu | *h₁léngʰwih₁ | *h₁léngʰuh₂ |
| genitive | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéws | *? | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwoHom |
| ablative | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéws | *? | *h₁ln̥gʷʰúmos |
| dative | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwey | *? | *h₁ln̥gʷʰúmos |
| locative | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéw, *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwi | *? | *h₁ln̥gʷʰúsu |
| instrumental | *h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₁ | *? | *h₁ln̥gʷʰúmis |
Later hysterokinetic pattern:
| Athematic, hysterokinetic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | ||
| nominative | *h₁ln̥gʷʰús | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwih₂ | |
| genitive | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéws | *h₁ln̥gʷʰuyéh₂s | |
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *h₁ln̥gʷʰús | *h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₁(e) | *h₁ln̥gʷʰúes |
| vocative | *h₁ln̥gʷʰú | *h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₁(e) | *h₁ln̥gʷʰúes |
| accusative | *h₁ln̥gʷʰúm | *h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₁(e) | *h₁ln̥gʷʰúms |
| genitive | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéws | *? | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwoHom |
| ablative | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéws | *? | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwmos |
| dative | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwey | *? | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwmos |
| locative | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéw, *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwi | *? | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwsu |
| instrumental | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwh₁ | *? | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwmis |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwih₂ | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwih₂h₁(e) | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwih₂es |
| vocative | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwih₂ | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwih₂h₁(e) | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwih₂es |
| accusative | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwih₂m̥ | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwih₂h₁(e) | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwih₂m̥s |
| genitive | *h₁ln̥gʷʰuyéh₂s | *? | *h₁ln̥gʷʰuyéh₂oHom |
| ablative | *h₁ln̥gʷʰuyéh₂s | *? | *h₁ln̥gʷʰuyéh₂mos |
| dative | *h₁ln̥gʷʰuyéh₂ey | *? | *h₁ln̥gʷʰuyéh₂mos |
| locative | *h₁ln̥gʷʰuyéh₂, *h₁ln̥gʷʰuyéh₂i | *? | *h₁ln̥gʷʰuyéh₂su |
| instrumental | *h₁ln̥gʷʰuyéh₂h₁ | *? | *h₁ln̥gʷʰuyéh₂mis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *h₁ln̥gʷʰú | *h₁ln̥gʷʰúyh₁ | *h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₂ |
| vocative | *h₁ln̥gʷʰú | *h₁ln̥gʷʰúyh₁ | *h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₂ |
| accusative | *h₁ln̥gʷʰú | *h₁ln̥gʷʰúyh₁ | *h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₂ |
| genitive | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéws | *? | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwoHom |
| ablative | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéws | *? | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwmos |
| dative | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwey | *? | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwmos |
| locative | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéw, *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwi | *? | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwsu |
| instrumental | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwh₁ | *? | *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwmis |
Descendants[edit]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lengus ~ *lingus
- Proto-Celtic: *legus, *lagus
- Proto-Hellenic: *eləkʰús
- Ancient Greek: ἐλαχύς (elakhús, “small”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hlagʰúš (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *leɣʷis (with possible contamination from *breɣʷis)
- Latin: levis (see there for further descendants)
References[edit]
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN