Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷréh₂us
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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From *gʷreh₂- (“heavy”) + *-us (Caland system suffix).
Adjective[edit]
- heavy
- Antonym: *h₁léngʰus
Inflection[edit]
Older proterokinetic pattern:
| Athematic, proterokinetic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | ||
| nominative | *gʷréh₂us | *gʷr̥h₂éwih₂ | |
| genitive | *gʷr̥h₂éws | *gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂s | |
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *gʷréh₂us | *gʷréh₂uh₁(e) | *gʷréh₂ewes |
| vocative | *gʷréh₂u | *gʷréh₂uh₁(e) | *gʷréh₂ewes |
| accusative | *gʷréh₂um | *gʷréh₂uh₁(e) | *gʷréh₂ums |
| genitive | *gʷr̥h₂éws | *? | *gʷr̥h₂éwoHom |
| ablative | *gʷr̥h₂éws | *? | *gʷr̥h₂úmos |
| dative | *gʷr̥h₂éwey | *? | *gʷr̥h₂úmos |
| locative | *gʷr̥h₂éw, *gʷr̥h₂éwi | *? | *gʷr̥h₂úsu |
| instrumental | *gʷr̥h₂úh₁ | *? | *gʷr̥h₂úmis |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *gʷr̥h₂éwih₂ | *gʷr̥h₂éwih₂h₁(e) | *gʷr̥h₂éwih₂es |
| vocative | *gʷr̥h₂éwih₂ | *gʷr̥h₂éwih₂h₁(e) | *gʷr̥h₂éwih₂es |
| accusative | *gʷr̥h₂éwih₂m̥ | *gʷr̥h₂éwih₂h₁(e) | *gʷr̥h₂éwih₂m̥s |
| genitive | *gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂s | *? | *gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂oHom |
| ablative | *gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂s | *? | *gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂mos |
| dative | *gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂ey | *? | *gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂mos |
| locative | *gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂, *gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂i | *? | *gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂su |
| instrumental | *gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂h₁ | *? | *gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂mis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *gʷréh₂u | *gʷréh₂wih₁ | *gʷréh₂uh₂ |
| vocative | *gʷréh₂u | *gʷréh₂wih₁ | *gʷréh₂uh₂ |
| accusative | *gʷréh₂u | *gʷréh₂wih₁ | *gʷréh₂uh₂ |
| genitive | *gʷr̥h₂éws | *? | *gʷr̥h₂éwoHom |
| ablative | *gʷr̥h₂éws | *? | *gʷr̥h₂úmos |
| dative | *gʷr̥h₂éwey | *? | *gʷr̥h₂úmos |
| locative | *gʷr̥h₂éw, *gʷr̥h₂éwi | *? | *gʷr̥h₂úsu |
| instrumental | *gʷr̥h₂úh₁ | *? | *gʷr̥h₂úmis |
Later hysterokinetic pattern:
| Athematic, hysterokinetic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | ||
| nominative | *gʷr̥h₂ús | *gʷr̥h₂éwih₂ | |
| genitive | *gʷr̥h₂éws | *gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂s | |
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *gʷr̥h₂ús | *gʷr̥h₂úh₁(e) | *gʷr̥h₂úes |
| vocative | *gʷr̥h₂ú | *gʷr̥h₂úh₁(e) | *gʷr̥h₂úes |
| accusative | *gʷr̥h₂úm | *gʷr̥h₂úh₁(e) | *gʷr̥h₂úms |
| genitive | *gʷr̥h₂éws | *? | *gʷr̥h₂éwoHom |
| ablative | *gʷr̥h₂éws | *? | *gʷr̥h₂éwmos |
| dative | *gʷr̥h₂éwey | *? | *gʷr̥h₂éwmos |
| locative | *gʷr̥h₂éw, *gʷr̥h₂éwi | *? | *gʷr̥h₂éwsu |
| instrumental | *gʷr̥h₂éwh₁ | *? | *gʷr̥h₂éwmis |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *gʷr̥h₂éwih₂ | *gʷr̥h₂éwih₂h₁(e) | *gʷr̥h₂éwih₂es |
| vocative | *gʷr̥h₂éwih₂ | *gʷr̥h₂éwih₂h₁(e) | *gʷr̥h₂éwih₂es |
| accusative | *gʷr̥h₂éwih₂m̥ | *gʷr̥h₂éwih₂h₁(e) | *gʷr̥h₂éwih₂m̥s |
| genitive | *gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂s | *? | *gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂oHom |
| ablative | *gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂s | *? | *gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂mos |
| dative | *gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂ey | *? | *gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂mos |
| locative | *gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂, *gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂i | *? | *gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂su |
| instrumental | *gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂h₁ | *? | *gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂mis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *gʷr̥h₂ú | *gʷr̥h₂úyh₁ | *gʷr̥h₂úh₂ |
| vocative | *gʷr̥h₂ú | *gʷr̥h₂úyh₁ | *gʷr̥h₂úh₂ |
| accusative | *gʷr̥h₂ú | *gʷr̥h₂úyh₁ | *gʷr̥h₂úh₂ |
| genitive | *gʷr̥h₂éws | *? | *gʷr̥h₂éwoHom |
| ablative | *gʷr̥h₂éws | *? | *gʷr̥h₂éwmos |
| dative | *gʷr̥h₂éwey | *? | *gʷr̥h₂éwmos |
| locative | *gʷr̥h₂éw, *gʷr̥h₂éwi | *? | *gʷr̥h₂éwsu |
| instrumental | *gʷr̥h₂éwh₁ | *? | *gʷr̥h₂éwmis |
Derived terms[edit]
- *gʷréh₂w-ō ~ *gʷr̥h₂w-nés (“quern, mill-stone”)
- *gʷrih₂-g-
- >? Proto-Celtic: *brīgos (“importance”)
Descendants[edit]
- Proto-Germanic: *kuruz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *gʷarus (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Húš (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *gʷraus (see there for further descendants)
References[edit]
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “gu̯er-, gu̯erə-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 476-477
- ^ de Bernardo Stempel, Patrizia (1999) Nominale Wortbildung des älteren Irischen: Stammbildung und Derivation [Noun Formation in Old Irish: Stem-formation and derivation] (Buchreihe der Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie) (in German), volume 15, Tübingen: Niemeyer, →ISBN, page 220
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 96
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages *bruwo-–82
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “brūtus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 75–76
- ^ Delamarre, Xavier (2003) “brigo-”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 88