być
Old Polish[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *byti. First attested in the 14th century.
Pronunciation[edit]
Verb[edit]
być impf (indeterminate bywać)
- (intransitive) to be, to exist
- (compulative) to be (indicates sameness or membership in a class) [+nominative or instrumental]
- Jeśm kowalem. ― I am a blacksmith.
- (compulative) to be (auxilary verb used for predication) [+adjective]
- Jeśm zmęczona. ― I am tired.
- (auxiliary) in future tense, forms the compound future tense of imperfective verbs [+infinitive]
- Będę biegać. ― I'll be running.
- (auxiliary) in present tense, forms the compound past tense [+past participle]
- Wczora to napisał jeśm. ― I wrote this down yesterday.
- (auxiliary) in past tense, forms the pluperfect tense [+past participle]
- On to był zrobił przód tem. ― He had done it before.
- (auxiliary) in aorist, forms the conditional mood [+past participle]
- My bychom tam poszli. ― We would have gone there.
Conjugation[edit]
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
Derived terms[edit]
Descendants[edit]
References[edit]
- B. Sieradzka-Baziur, editor (2011–2015), “być”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
Polish[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Inherited from Old Polish być.
Pronunciation[edit]
- IPA(key): /bɨt͡ɕ/
- (Middle Polish) IPA(key): /ˈbɨt͡ɕ/
Audio 1 (file) Audio 2 (file) Audio 3 (file) Audio 4 (file) Audio 5 (file) Audio 6 (file) - Rhymes: -ɨt͡ɕ
- Syllabification: być
Verb[edit]
być impf (indeterminate bywać)
- (copulative) to be indicates sameness or membership in a class [+nominative or instrumental]
- (copulative) to be auxilary verb used for predication [+adjective]
- Jestem zmęczona. ― I am tired.
- (intransitive) in future tense, forms future tense of imperfective verbs [+infinitive or verb in past tense]
- (archaic, intransitive) in past tense, forms pluperfect tense [+verb in past tense]
- 1859, Jean Jacques Rapet, Przewodnik moralności i ekonomii-politycznej dla użytku klass roboczych, Behr Bock, page 170:
- Gdybyś naprzykład, panie Rawski, był zjadł wszystko coś zarobił, to byś nie był zebrał majątku.
- If you for example, Mr Rawski, had eaten everything that you earned, then you would not have collected a fortune.
- 1869, Charles Edmond, translated by Edmund Chojecki, Alkhadar: uste̜p z dziejów ojców naszych, F.A. Brockhaus, page 231:
- Nastusia na pół osunięta, na pół wsparta na dębie, na pół omdlała, z oczyma szeroko, nieruchomie otwartemi, utkwionemi w stronę, gdzie jastrząb dokonał był pomyślnych swoich łowów, strasznie dyszała.
- Nastusia, half-fallen, half-supported by the oak, with her eyes opened wide in a motionless manner, fixed in the direction where the hawk had successfully carried out its hunts, was panting terribly.
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- 1871, Czesław Pieniążek, Włościanin: czasopismo ilustrowane dla ludu, Budweiser, page 34:
- Ale cóż, gdyby był poszedł tam w to miejsce, jakie przystało honorowi i jego osobie, toby był musiał co dzień kilka i kilkanaście złotych wydać; to cóż on robił?
- Oh well, if he had gone there into that place, as befitted his honour and his person, then he would have had to spend a few and a few dozen złoty; so what did he do?
- (intransitive) to be indicates location, there be
- Antonym: nie ma
Usage notes[edit]
The object is either in nominative or instrumental case; the former is often used when introducing oneself, and implies the object to be definite (Ja jestem Czesław, a to jest Marysia), in the latter the object is usually indefinite (Ona jest studentką "She is a college student"), although not exclusively (W tym momencie zorientował się, że Bruce Wayne jest Batmanem "In that moment he realised that Bruce Wayne is Batman").
Conjugation[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
- być w błędzie impf
- dobyć pf, dobywać impf
- nabyć pf, nabywać impf
- obyć pf, obywać impf
- odbyć pf, odbywać impf
- pobyć pf
- pozbyć pf, pozbywać impf
- przebyć pf, przebywać impf
- przybyć pf, przybywać impf
- ubyć pf, ubywać impf
- wydobyć pf, wydobywać impf
- wyzbyć pf, wyzbywać impf
- zbyć pf, zbywać impf
- zdobyć pf, zdobywać impf
Related terms[edit]
Trivia[edit]
According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), być is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 2049 times in scientific texts, 1174 times in news, 1865 times in essays, 1791 times in fiction, and 2742 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 9621 times, making it the 3rd most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[1]
References[edit]
Further reading[edit]
- być in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- być in Polish dictionaries at PWN
- Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “być”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
- “BYĆ”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 10.12.2021
- Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “być”, in Słownik języka polskiego[2]
- Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “być”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861[3]
- J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1900), “być”, in Słownik języka polskiego[4] (in Polish), volume 1, Warsaw, page 243
- być in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego
- Krystyna Długosz-Kurczabowa (2021) “być”, in Wielki słownik etymologiczno-historyczny języka polskiego, →ISBN, pages 74-78
Silesian[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Inherited from Old Polish być.
Pronunciation[edit]
Verb[edit]
być impf (indeterminate bywać)
- (copulative) to be (indicates sameness or membership in a class) [+nominative or instrumental]
- (copulative) to be (auxilary verb used for predication) [+adjective]
- (intransitive) in future tense, forms future tense of imperfective verbs [+infinitive or verb in past tense]
- (intransitive) in past tense, forms pluperfect tense [+verb in past tense]
Conjugation[edit]
singular | plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
person | masculine | feminine | neuter | virile | nonvirile | |
infinitive | być | |||||
present tense | 1st | je, je żech |
my sōm | |||
2nd | je żeś | sōm żeście | ||||
3rd | je | sōm | ||||
past tense | 1st | żech bōł, bōłch, bōłech | żech była, byłach | my byli | my były | |
2nd | żeś bōł, bōłeś | żeś była, byłaś | żeście byli | żeście były | ||
3rd | bōł | była | było | byli | były | |
future tense | 1st | bydã, bydym, banã | bydymy, bandziymy | |||
2nd | bydziesz, bandziesz | bydziecie, bandziecie | ||||
3rd | bydzie, bandzie | bydōm, banōm | ||||
conditional | 1st | bych bōł | bych była | my by byli | my by były | |
2nd | byś bōł | byś była | byście byli | byście były | ||
3rd | by bōł | by była | by było | by byli | by były | |
imperative | 1st | niych bydã | bydźmy | |||
2nd | bydź | bydźcie | ||||
3rd | niych bydzie | niych bydōm | ||||
active adjectival participle | bydōncy | bydōncŏ | bydōnce | bydōncy | bydōnce | |
contemporary adverbial participle | bydōnc | |||||
verbal noun | bycie |
Related terms[edit]
- bawić impf
Further reading[edit]
Upper Sorbian[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *byti.
Pronunciation[edit]
Verb[edit]
być impf
- to be
Conjugation[edit]
person | singular | dual | plural | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
virile | animate, inanimate | ||||||
infinitive | być | ||||||
present tense | 1st | sym | smój | smy | |||
2nd | sy | staj | stej | sće | |||
3rd | je | staj | stej | su | |||
past tense | 1st | běch | běchmoj | běchmy | |||
2nd | bě, běše | běštaj | běštej | běšće | |||
3rd | bě, běše | běštaj | běštej | běchu | |||
future tense | 1st | budu | budźemoj | budźemy | |||
2nd | budźeš | budźetaj | budźetej | budźeće | |||
3rd | budźe | budźetaj | budźetej | budu, budźeja | |||
conditional mood | 1st | bych | bychmoj | bychmy | |||
2nd | by | byštaj | byštej | byšće | |||
3rd | by | byštaj | byštej | bychu | |||
passive voice | 1st | buch | bychmoj | buchmy | |||
2nd | bu | buštaj | buštej | bušće | |||
3rd | bu | buštaj | buštej | buchu | |||
imperative | 1st | — | budźmoj | budźmy | |||
2nd | budź | budźtaj | budźtej | budźće | |||
3rd | budź | — | |||||
verbal noun | byće | ||||||
ł-form | |||||||
singular | dual | plural | |||||
masculine (virile) | był | byłoj | byli | ||||
masculine (animate, inanimate) | był | byli, byłe | |||||
feminine | była | ||||||
neuter | było |
Derived terms[edit]
Further reading[edit]
- Křesćan Pful, editor (1866), “być”, in Łužiski serbski słownik / Lausitzisch Wendisches Wörterbuch[5] (in German), Budyšin: Maćica Serbska, page 57
- Křesćan Pful, editor (1866), “buć”, in Łužiski serbski słownik / Lausitzisch Wendisches Wörterbuch[6] (in German), Budyšin: Maćica Serbska, page 54
- “być” in Soblex
- Old Polish terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Old Polish terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Old Polish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Old Polish terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Old Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Old Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Old Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Old Polish lemmas
- Old Polish verbs
- Old Polish imperfective verbs
- Old Polish intransitive verbs
- Old Polish terms with usage examples
- Old Polish auxiliary verbs
- Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Polish terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Polish terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Polish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Polish terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Polish terms inherited from Old Polish
- Polish terms derived from Old Polish
- Polish 1-syllable words
- Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Polish terms with audio links
- Rhymes:Polish/ɨt͡ɕ
- Rhymes:Polish/ɨt͡ɕ/1 syllable
- Polish lemmas
- Polish verbs
- Polish imperfective verbs
- Polish copulative verbs
- Polish terms with usage examples
- Polish intransitive verbs
- Polish terms with archaic senses
- Polish terms with quotations
- Silesian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Silesian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Silesian terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Silesian terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Silesian terms inherited from Old Polish
- Silesian terms derived from Old Polish
- Silesian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Silesian/ɨt͡ɕ
- Rhymes:Silesian/ɨt͡ɕ/1 syllable
- Silesian lemmas
- Silesian verbs
- Silesian imperfective verbs
- Silesian copulative verbs
- Silesian intransitive verbs
- Upper Sorbian terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Upper Sorbian terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Upper Sorbian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Upper Sorbian terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Upper Sorbian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Upper Sorbian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Upper Sorbian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Upper Sorbian/ɨt͡ʃ
- Rhymes:Upper Sorbian/ɨt͡ʃ/1 syllable
- Upper Sorbian terms with audio links
- Upper Sorbian lemmas
- Upper Sorbian verbs
- Upper Sorbian imperfective verbs