jptw
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Egyptian[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Plural form of tw.
Pronunciation[edit]
- (modern Egyptological) IPA(key): /iptuː/
- Conventional anglicization: iptu
Determiner[edit]
|
f pl proximal, later vocative demonstrative determiner
- (Old Egyptian) these
- (Middle Egyptian, archaizing) O (vocative reference)
Usage notes[edit]
This demonstrative was originally a determiner but could later be used alone, like a pronoun. When used as a determiner it follows the noun it describes.
In Old Egyptian it forms a contrastive pair with the demonstrative jptf, in which jptw is proximal.
Its use in Middle Egyptian texts is an archaism.
Inflection[edit]
Old Egyptian demonstratives
| determiners | pronouns1 | adverbs | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| number | singular | dual | plural | unmarked | ||||
| gender | masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | unmarked | |
| proximal to speaker | pn |
tn, jtn |
*jpnj |
*jptnj |
jpn |
jptn |
nn |
— |
| distal | pf |
tf |
*jpfj |
*jptfj |
jpf |
jptf |
nf |
— |
| proximal to spoken of | pj, pw, py, p |
tj, tw, jtw |
jpwj |
*jptwj |
jpw |
jptw |
nw |
— |
| vocative | pꜣ |
tꜣ |
— |
— |
— |
— |
nꜣ |
ꜥꜣ |
| ||||||||
Middle Egyptian demonstratives
Late Egyptian demonstratives and articles
| masculine | feminine | plural | adverb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pronoun | pꜣw |
dj | ||||
| determiners and pronouns | pꜣj |
tꜣj |
nꜣj | |||
| possessive determiners (used with suffix pronouns) | pꜣy |
tꜣy |
nꜣy | |||
| relational pronouns (‘possessive prefixes’) | p-n, pꜣ |
t-nt, tꜣ |
nꜣyw, nꜣ | |||
| definite articles | pꜣ |
tꜣ |
nꜣ1 | |||
| indefinite articles | wꜥ1 |
nhꜣy1 | ||||
| ||||||
References[edit]
- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 55.
- Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN