Egyptian [ edit ] Pronunciation [ edit ] 3ae inf.
( catenative , with a verb in the infinitive) Usage notes [ edit ] This verb is often negated with nj
Inflection [ edit ]
Conjugation of pꜣw (third weak / 3ae inf. / III. inf.) — base stem: pꜣ , geminated stem: pꜣꜣ
infinitival forms
imperative
infinitive
negatival complement
complementary infinitive1
singular
plural
pꜣt , pꜣj pꜣw , pꜣ pꜣt , pꜣwt , pꜣyt pꜣ pꜣ , pꜣy
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood
active
passive
contingent
aspect / mood
active
passive
perfect
pꜣ.n pꜣw , pꜣ , pꜣy consecutive
pꜣ.jn active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
terminative
pꜣt , pꜣyt
perfective 3
pꜣ active + .tj 1 , .tw 2 obligative1
pꜣ.ḫr active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
imperfective
pꜣ , pꜣy active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
prospective 3
pꜣw , pꜣ , pꜣy pꜣw , pꜣ , pꜣy potentialis1
pꜣ.kꜣ active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
subjunctive
pꜣ , pꜣy active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
participles
active
passive
active
passive
perfect
pꜣ.n active + .tj 1 , .tw 2 —
—
perfective
pꜣw 1 , pꜣy , pꜣ active + .tj 1 , .tw 2 pꜣ pꜣy , pꜣ
imperfective
pꜣꜣ , pꜣꜣy , pꜣꜣw 5 active + .tj 1 , .tw 2 pꜣꜣ , pꜣꜣj 6 , pꜣꜣy 6 pꜣꜣ , pꜣꜣw 5
prospective
pꜣw 1 , pꜣy , pꜣ , pꜣtj 7 —
pꜣwtj 1 4 , pꜣtj 4 , pꜣt 4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f .fj .s .sj .sn .snj .sn
Only in the masculine singular.
Only in the masculine.
Only in the feminine.
Third-person masculine statives of this class often have a final -y
Alternative forms [ edit ]
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of pꜣw
pꜣw pꜣw pꜣw
[chiefly Old Kingdom]
Pronoun [ edit ] demonstrative pronoun
( Late Egyptian ) this , that , these , those Usage notes [ edit ] This demonstrative is unmarked for gender and number, and can either be used independently or to introduce a relative clause.
Inflection [ edit ]
Old Egyptian demonstratives
determiners
pronouns1
adverbs
number
singular
dual
plural
unmarked
gender
masculine
feminine
masculine
feminine
masculine
feminine
unmarked
proximal to speaker
pn tn , jtn *jpnj *jptnj jpn jptn nn —
distal
pf tf *jpfj *jptfj jpf jptf nf —
proximal to spoken of
pj , pw , py , p tj , tw , jtw jpwj *jptwj jpw jptw nw —
vocative
pꜣ tꜣ — — — — nꜣ ꜥꜣ
Unmarked for number and gender, but treated syntactically as masculine plurals when used with participles and relative forms, and as feminine singulars when referred to by resumptive pronouns.
Middle Egyptian demonstratives
determiners and pronouns
adverbs
number
singular
plural1
gender
masculine
feminine
unmarked
proximal
pn tn nn ꜥn
distal
pf , pfꜣ tf , tfꜣ nf , nfꜣ ꜥf
‘copula’; vocative
pw , pwy tw , twy nw —
anaphoric
pꜣ tꜣ nꜣ ꜥꜣ
Joined by n(j)
Late Egyptian demonstratives and articles
masculine
feminine
plural
adverb
pronoun
pꜣw dj
determiners and pronouns
pꜣj tꜣj nꜣj
possessive determiners (used with suffix pronouns)
pꜣy tꜣy nꜣy
relational pronouns (‘possessive prefixes’)
p-n , pꜣ t-nt , tꜣ nꜣyw , nꜣ
definite articles
pꜣ tꜣ nꜣ 1
indefinite articles
wꜥ 1 nhꜣy 1
Originally joined by n(j)
References [ edit ] Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962 ) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian , Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN page 87 James P[eter] Allen (2010 ) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs , 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN page 270 Erman, Adolf , Grapow, Hermann (1926 ) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache [1] →ISBN page 494.18 Junge, Friedrich (2005 ) Late Egyptian Grammar: An Introduction , second English edition, Oxford: Griffith Institute, page 53 
