-k

See also: Appendix:Variations of "k"

English

Etymology

From Middle English -ken, -kien, from Old English -cian, from Proto-West Germanic *-ukōn, *-ikōn, from Proto-Germanic *-ukōną, *-ikōną. Cognate with West Frisian -kje, German -chen, Danish -ke, Swedish -ka, Faroese -ka. Perhaps related to Old English diminutive suffix -uc, -oc. More at -ock.

Suffix

-k

1. (rare, no longer productive) A suffix found in words of Middle English, Old English, usually with an intensive or frequentative effect.

   tale, talk; steal, stalk; mire, mirk; hear, hark; fare, firk; peer, perk; yare, yark; gaw, gawk; well~weal~wale, walk

Abenaki

Suffix

-k

1. A suffix used to form the plurals of some animate words.

   tmakwa (“beaver”) → tmakwak (“beavers”)

Usage notes

• Used to form the plurals of almost all words that end in a, and of some words that end in other vowels or in the semivowel w; not used to form the plurals of words ending in consonants.
• See the usage notes at -ak.

Afar

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-k/

Suffix

-k

1. Marks the ablative case: from
2. Marks the elative case: out of
3. Marks the perlative case: via, through
4. Marks the malefactive case: for ...'s nuisance
5. Marks the subject of a comparison: than
6. (+ én) Marks the material from which an object is made: -en

References

• Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎^[1], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis), page 361

Basque

Alternative forms

• -ek (after consonants)

Etymology

Unknown. Unrelated to the adverbial suffixes -ki and -ka.

Suffix

-k

1. Ergative indefinite suffix.

Declension

Basque inflectional suffixes
		indefinite	singular	plural	proximal plural
absolutive		-∅	-a	-ak	-ok
ergative		-(e)k	-ak	-ek
dative		-(r)i	-ari	-ei	-oi
genitive		-(r)en	-aren	-en	-on
comitative		-(r)ekin	-arekin	-ekin	-okin
causative		-(r)engatik	-arengatik	-engatik	-ongatik
benefactive		-(r)entzat	-arentzat	-entzat	-ontzat
instrumental		-(e)z	-az	-ez	-oz
inessive	anim.	-(r)engan	-arengan	-engan	-ongan
	inanim.	-(e)tan	-an	-etan	-otan
locative	anim.	―	―	―	―
	inanim.	-(e)tako	-(e)ko	-etako	-otako
allative	anim.	-(r)engana	-arengana	-engana	-ongana
	inanim.	-(e)tara	-(e)ra	-etara	-otara
terminative	anim.	-(r)enganaino	-arenganaino	-enganaino	-onganaino
	inanim.	-(e)taraino	-(e)raino	-etaraino	-otaraino
directive	anim.	-(r)enganantz	-arenganantz	-enganantz	-onganantz
	inanim.	-(e)tarantz	-(e)rantz	-etarantz	-otarantz
destinative	anim.	-(r)enganako	-arenganako	-enganako	-onganako
	inanim.	-(e)tarako	-(e)rako	-etarako	-otarako
ablative	anim.	-(r)engandik	-arengandik	-engandik	-ongandik
	inanim.	-(e)tatik	-(e)tik	-etik	-otik
partitive		-(r)ik	―	―	―
prolative		-tzat	―	―	―

Chuukese

Suffix

-k

1. (added to verbs) you (in the singular, indirect object suffix)

Estonian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *-kkoi. Cognate with Finnish -kko.

Suffix

-k (genitive -ku, partitive -kut)

1. Derives nouns from verbs, or sometimes from other nominals. The derivations can express the following:
   1. a single instance of an action

      minema (“to go”) → minek (“a going”)

      ründama (“to attack”) → rünnak (“an attack”)

   2. the object of an action

      õppima (“to study”) → õpik (“textbook”)

Declension

Declension of -k (ÕS type 2/õpik, no gradation)
		singular	plural
nominative		-k	-kud
accusative	nom.
	gen.	-ku
genitive			-kute
partitive		-kut	-kuid
illative		-kusse	-kutesse -kuisse
inessive		-kus	-kutes -kuis
elative		-kust	-kutest -kuist
allative		-kule	-kutele -kuile
adessive		-kul	-kutel -kuil
ablative		-kult	-kutelt -kuilt
translative		-kuks	-kuteks -kuiks
terminative		-kuni	-kuteni
essive		-kuna	-kutena
abessive		-kuta	-kuteta
comitative		-kuga	-kutega

Derived terms

Estonian terms suffixed with -k

Etymology 2

From Proto-Finnic *-kkei. Cognate with Finnish -kki.

Suffix

-k (genitive -ki, partitive -kit)

1. Derives nouns from verbs denoting an instrument of action.

   sõitma (“to drive”) → sõiduk (“vehicle”)

   hõljuma (“to hover”) → hõljuk (“hovercraft”)

   tõstma (“to raise”) → tõstuk (“lift”)

Declension

Declension of -k (ÕS type 2/õpik, no gradation)
		singular	plural
nominative		-k	-kid
accusative	nom.
	gen.	-ki
genitive			-kite
partitive		-kit	-keid
illative		-kisse	-kitesse -keisse
inessive		-kis	-kites -keis
elative		-kist	-kitest -keist
allative		-kile	-kitele -keile
adessive		-kil	-kitel -keil
ablative		-kilt	-kitelt -keilt
translative		-kiks	-kiteks -keiks
terminative		-kini	-kiteni
essive		-kina	-kitena
abessive		-kita	-kiteta
comitative		-kiga	-kitega

Derived terms

Estonian terms suffixed with -k

Etymology 3

May be the same as etymology 2.

Suffix

-k (genitive -gi, partitive -ki)

1. Derives nouns from verbs, or sometimes from other nominals. The derivations can express the following:
   1. the result of an action

      jääma (“to remain”) → jääk (“residue, remainder”)

      saama (“to receive”) → saak (“yield”)

   2. the object of an action

      sööma (“to eat”) → söök (“food”)

      jooma (“to drink”) → jook (“drink, beverage”)

Finnish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-k/, [-k]

Particle

-k (dialectal)

1. (Southwest, enclitic) Alternative form of -ko

   Löytyyk mittä? Are you finding anything?

Synonyms

• -ko (standard)

Hungarian

Etymology

Probably related to Northern Mansi -ыг (-yg, “dual suffix”).

Suffix

-k

2. (plural suffix) -s, -es

   ‎hajó (“ship”) + ‎-k → ‎hajók (“ships”)

   ‎alma (“apple”) + ‎-k → ‎almák (“apples”)

   ‎mese (“fairy tale”) + ‎-k → ‎mesék (“fairy tales”)

4. (personal suffix) Denotes the first-person singular present tense in verb suffixes for all moods (indicative, conditional and subjunctive).

   ír (“to write”) →

   írok (“I write, I am writing”)

   írnék (“I would write”)

   írjak (“I should write”)

6. (obsolete) Diminutive suffix.

   lélek (“soul”)

   fészek (“nest”)

8. (obsolete, instantaneous verb-forming suffix) Part of only a few verbs and suffixes, such as reszket, serken, sikolt, szerkeszt, -kol/-kel/-köl, -kod/-ked/-köd, -dokol/-dekel/-dököl.

Usage notes

• (plural suffix) Variants:

  -k is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.

  ‎nő (“woman”) + ‎-k → ‎nők (“women”)

  ‎fa (“tree”) + ‎-k → ‎fák (“trees”)

  ‎csésze (“cup”) + ‎-k → ‎csészék (“cups”)

  -ak is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant:

  ‎ház (“house”) + ‎-ak → ‎házak (“houses”)

  -ok is added to most back-vowel words ending in a consonant:

  ‎pad (“bench”) + ‎-ok → ‎padok (“benches”)

  -ek is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant:

  ‎kert (“garden”) + ‎-ek → ‎kertek (“gardens”)

  ‎könyv (“book”) + ‎-ek → ‎könyvek (“books”)

  -ök is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant:

  ‎kör (“circle”) + ‎-ök → ‎körök (“circles”)

• Note that the plural form is not used after definite and indefinite numerals in Hungarian: három könyv (“three books”), néhány óra múlva (“in a few hours’ time”). There are very few (traditional, archaic) exceptions, including háromkirályok (“the Three Magi”), mindenszentek (“All Saints”), and certain archaic phrases with összes (“all”) and minden (“every”) (see their Usage notes).
• The regular plural suffix for back-vowel adjectives is -ak, for example okosak (“smart/clever ones”). On the other hand, ethnonyms take -ok (e.g. olaszok (“Italians”), see the back-vowel terms in their category), as well as some other adjectives, including privative (“…-less”) ones (formed with -talan, -atlan, or -tlan). Rounded front-vowel adjectives normally take -ek, for example zöldek (“green ones”), except for demonyms (see rounded front-vowel terms in their category).
• If a word can be both a noun and an adjective, the form of its ending gives information about its function, e.g. játékosok (“players”, noun) and játékosak (“playful”, adjective as part of a plural predicate). The same distinction also exists with words with rounded front vowels, e.g. ismerős: ismerősök (“acquaintances”, noun) and ismerősek (“familiar”, adjective as part of a plural predicate).

See also

• Category:Hungarian noun forms
• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

Ilocano

Pronoun

{head|ilo|pronoun}}

1. Alternative form of -ko (used before vowels and suffixes -en and -an)

See also

Ilocano personal pronouns

Person	Number	Absolutive		Ergative	Oblique	Possessive
		Disjunctive	Enclitic	Enclitic3		bági form	kukua form
First	singular	siak	-ak	-ko, -k	kaniak	bagik	kukuak, kuak
	dual	data, sita1	-ta		kaniata, kadata	bagita	kukuata
	plural inclusive	datayo, sitayo1	-tayo, -tay		kaniatayo, kadatayo	bagitayo	kukuatayo
	plural exclusive	dakami, sikami1	-kami, -kam	-mi	kaniami, kadakami	bagimi	kukuami
Second	singular	sika	-ka	-mo, -m	kaniam, kenka	bagim	kukuam
	plural	dakayo, sikayo1	-kayo, -kay	-yo	kaniayo, kadakayo	bagiyo	kukuayo
Third	singular	isu, isuna	Ø2	-na	kaniana, kenkuana	bagina	kukuana
	plural	isuda	-da		kaniada, kadakuada	bagida	kukuada
1Regional variants. 2Null morpheme. There is no absolutive enclitic for the third person singular pronoun. The disjunctives isu or isuna may also be used. 3Ergative enclitics are also used as possessive markers.
Fused enclitics Actor Patient siak data datayo dakami sika dakayo isu5 isuda siak bagik4 — — — -ka -kayo -ko, -k -ko ida, -k ida data — bagita4 — — — — -ta -ta ida datayo — — bagitayo4 — — — -tayo -tayo ida dakami — — — bagimi4 -daka -dakayo -mi -mi ida sika -nak — — -nakami bagim4 — -mo, -m -mo ida, -m ida dakayo -dak -data — -dakami — bagiyo4 -yo -yo ida isu -nak -nata -natayo -nakami -naka -nakayo bagina4, -na -na ida isuda -dak -data -datayo -dakami -daka -dakayo -da bagida4, -da ida 4Reflexive pronouns use the bagí form. 5 isu or isuna may also be added after the enclitics in this column.

Ingrian

Alternative forms

• -ko

Etymology

Reduced form of -ka. The familiar meaning is probably influenced by Russian -ка (-ka).

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-k/, [-k]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-k/, [-k]

Particle

-k

1. Added to the indicative of a verb, used to form the interrogative aspect.
   • 1936, V. I. Junus, P. L. Maksimov, Inkeroisin keelen oppikirja alkuşkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 29:

     Töötk siä meille hoomukseel?

     Will you come to us tomorrow?

2. Added to an imperative of a verb, used to form a familiar request.
   • 1936, D. I. Efimov, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 7:

     Määk siä șkouluu - sanoi Semon däädä, ilma sinnua saamma aikoo.

     Go to school - said uncle Semon, we'll get by without you.

3. Added to the indicative or the potential of a verb, used to form the deliberative aspect.
   • 1937, V. A. Tetjurev, translated by N. J. Molotsova, Loonnontiito oppikirja alkușkoulua vart (toin osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-Pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 7:

     Näijen kamppanioin hyväst veemisest rippuu se, jot saammak möö täl vootta ohto leipää, ruuhtija ja toisia maatalohusproduktoja, saammakse ohto saahkaraa ja materiaa.

     On the good carrying out of these campaigns depends whether this year we get enough bread, vegetables and other agricultural products, whether we get enough sugar and fabric.

4. (rare) Alternative form of -ka, -kä (“and not”)
   • 1885, “Sprachproben: Der goldene Vogel”, in Volmari Porkka, editor, Ueber den Ingrischen Dialekt mit Berücksichtigung der übrigen finnisch-ingermanländischen Dialekte:

     Se poika mäni vahtii, heittiis makkaamaa eik nähnyt varasta.

     The boy went to the guard, threw himself and didn't see the thief.

     (Note: The spelling has been normalised in accordance with the literary Ingrian language.)

Usage notes

• In the interrogative and deliberative functions, when added to a verb form ending in the consonant -t, the full forms -ka and -kä may be used.

Synonyms

• (deliberative): -kse

References

• Olga I. Konkova, Nikita A. Dyachkov (2014) Inkeroin Keel: Пособие по Ижорскому Языку‎^[2], →ISBN, page 18

Inupiaq

Suffix

-k

1. dual number in the absolutive case. Numbers vary between singular -q and dual -k depending on whether they modify a noun or are being used for counting

Kashubian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ьkъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): //

Suffix

-k

1. forms masculine diminutive nouns
2. forms masculine nouns from verbs

   ‎susac (“to suck”) + ‎-k → ‎susk (“mammal”)

Usage notes

• Palatalises a preceding velar:

  ‎groch + ‎-k → ‎groszk

Derived terms

Kashubian terms suffixed with -k

Lower Sorbian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъkъ.

Suffix

-k m

1. used on masculine nouns to form a diminutive

Derived terms

Lower Sorbian terms suffixed with -k

Maltese

Alternative forms

• -ek, -ok

Etymology

From Arabic ـكَ m (-ka), ـكِ f (-ki).

Suffix

-k

2. 2nd-person singular pronominal suffix: your, you

   Synonym: tiegħek (only in possessive use)

   ‎sħab (“friends”) + ‎-k → ‎sħabek (“your (singular) friends”)

   ‎taħt (“under”) + ‎-k → ‎taħtek (“under you (singular)”)

   ‎jinsa (“he forgets”) + ‎-k → ‎jinsiek (“he forgets you (singular)”)

Related terms

• int

Mohawk

Suffix

-k

1. continuative suffix

References

• Nora Deering, Helga H. Delisle (1976) Mohawk: A teaching grammar (preliminary version), Quebec: Manitou College, page 442
• Akwiratékha’ Martin (2018) Tekawennahsonterónnion - Kanien’kéha Morphology, Kahnawà:ke: Kanien’kehá:ka Onkwawén:na Raotitióhkwa Language and Cultural Center, page 92

Northern Ohlone

Etymology

Compare Southern Ohlone -ka.

Pronoun

-k

1. I (first-person, singular, subject pronoun)
   • 1921, María de los Angeles Colós, José Guzman, and John Peabody Harrington, Chochenyo Field Notes:

     nommok roote

     here I am

See also

Northern Ohlone personal pronouns

Number	Person	Subject			Object			Possesive
		Disjunctive1	Proclitic	Enclitic	Disjunctive1	Proclitic	Enclitic
Singular	First	kaana	ek-	-ek, -k	kiš, kaaniš	kiš-	-kiš	ek-, kaanak
	Second	meene	em-, im-	-em, -im, -m	miš	emiš-, imiš-, miš-	-miš	em-, meenem
	Third	waaka	Ø-2	-Ø2	wiš	Ø-2, eš-	-Ø2, -eš	i-, waakai-
Plural	First	makkin	mak-	-mak	makkiš, makkinše	—	—	mak-, makkinmak
	Second	makkam	kam-	-kam	makkamše	—	—	kam-, makkam
	Third	waakamak	ya-	-ya	yaṭiš	—	—	ya-, waakamak
1Disjunctive is mostly used in copular sentences or for emphasis, either alone (eg. kaana) or with a clitic (eg. kaana-k ...-ek). 2Null morpheme. An unmarked verb implies a third person singular pronoun. The disjunctives waaka and wiš may also be used. Note: Proclitic and enclitic forms can combine an undergo syncope, eg. ellešk (“let me do to him/her/it”) = elle +‎ -eš +‎ -ek

References

María de los Angeles Colós, José Guzman, and John Peabody Harrington (1930s) Chochenyo Field Notes (Survey of California and Other Indian Langauges)‎^[3], Unpublished

Ojibwe

Suffix

-k

1. Alternative form of -g in the conjunct form of d-final inanimate instransitive verbs (vii)
2. A suffix denoting the second-person plural to third person singular imperative form of a transitive animate verb (vta) with a Cw ending

Usage notes

In d-final intransitive inanimate verbs (vii), the final d merges with -g to produce -k.

See also

• -ik
• -ok

Old Norse

Alternative forms

• ek

Pronoun

-k (enclitic)

1. enclitic form of ek

   ‎hafða + ‎-k → ‎hafðak

   ‎em + ‎-k → ‎emk

   • 9th c., Þjóðólfr of Hvinir, Ynglingatal, verse 27:

     Þat veitk bezt / und bláum himni
     kenninafn, / svát konungr eigi […]

     I know that the best / nickname
     under the blue sky / that a king might have […]

See also

• -du, -ðu, -tu

Old Uyghur

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-k.

Suffix

-k or -q or -wk or -wq (-k or -q or -ük or -uq)

1. Forms deverbal nouns and adjectives.

   ‎pʾdw (bedü-, “to grow”) + ‎-k → ‎pʾdwk (bedük, “big, huge; high”)

Derived terms

Old Uyghur terms suffixed with -k

References

• Clauson, Gerard (1972) “”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page xliv
• Erdal, Marcel (1991) Old Turkic Word Formation‎^[4], volume I, Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN, page 224
• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “+Uk”, in Nişanyan Sözlük

Onondaga

Suffix

-k

1. continuative suffix

References

• Hanni Woodbury (2018) A Reference Grammar of the Onondaga Language, University of Toronto, page 104

Turkish

	preceding vowel
	A / I	E / İ	O / U	Ö / Ü
postconsonantal	-ık	-ik	-uk	-ük
postvocalic	-k

Suffix

-k

1. Post-vocalic form of -ık.

   ‎iste- (“to want”) + ‎-k → ‎istek (“request, want”)

   ‎dile- (“to wish”) + ‎-k → ‎dilek (“wish, desire”)

Upper Sorbian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъkъ.

Suffix

-k m

1. Used to form diminutives of masculine nouns.

Derived terms

Upper Sorbian terms suffixed with -k

Veps

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Particle

-k

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

• Zajceva, N. G., Mullonen, M. I. (2007) “а, ли”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary]‎^[5], Petrozavodsk: Periodika

Yoruba

Suffix

-k

1. Used when an ordinal number is written with Arabic numerals. Often considered an abbreviation of k-, but can be used with non-k-ordinal numbers.

   kejì → 2k

   ogún → 20k