User:Sobreira/PIE verbs k-y

ḱeḱlówe (#ḱeḱlówe) ḱéleti (#ḱéleti) ḱéytor (#ḱéytor) kh₂pyéti (#kh₂pyéti) ḱléwt (#ḱléwt) ḱl̥néwti (#ḱl̥néwti) légʰyeti (#légʰyeti) lelóykʷe (#lelóykʷe) léykʷt (#léykʷt) linékʷti (#linékʷti) memóne (#memóne) mléwHti (#mléwHti) néweh₂ti (#néweh₂ti) píbeti (#píbeti) píph₃eti (#píph₃eti) pr̥sḱéti (#pr̥sḱéti) sédt (#sédt) séh₂gyeti (#séh₂gyeti) sísdeti (#sísdeti) skéydt (#skéydt) skinédti (#skinédti) sodéyeti (#sodéyeti) spéḱyeti (#spéḱyeti) stéh₂t (#stéh₂t) stestóh₂e (#stestóh₂e) stéygʰeti (#stéygʰeti) stísteh₂ti (#stísteh₂ti) stnéh₂ti (#stnéh₂ti) télh₂t (#télh₂t) tetólh₂e (#tetólh₂e) tetórpe (#tetórpe) tl̥néh₂ti (#tl̥néh₂ti) tn̥néwti (#tn̥néwti) tonéyeti (#tonéyeti) wéǵʰeti (#wéǵʰeti) wḗǵʰst (#wḗǵʰst) wértti (#wértti) wéryeti (#wéryeti) wéstor (#wéstor) wéwket (#wéwket) wewórte (#wewórte) wéydseti (#wéydseti) wortéyeti (#wortéyeti) woséyeti (#woséyeti) wóyde (#wóyde) wr̥ǵyéti (#wr̥ǵyéti) yunégti (#yunégti)

ḱeḱlówe

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Reduplicated stative of the root *ḱlew- (“to hear”).

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (stative)

1. to be heard, audible

Inflection

Stative
3rd singular	*ḱeḱlówe
3rd plural	*ḱeḱl̥wḗr
Active voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*ḱeḱlówh₂e	—	*ḱeḱléwoh₂	*ḱeḱluyéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*ḱeḱlówth₂e	*ḱeḱlów, *ḱeḱludʰí	*ḱeḱléwesi	*ḱeḱluyéh₁s
3rd singular	*ḱeḱlówe	*ḱeḱlówtu	*ḱeḱléweti	*ḱeḱluyéh₁t
1st dual	*ḱeḱluwé	—	*ḱeḱléwowos	*ḱeḱl̥wih₁wé
2nd dual	*?	*ḱeḱlutóm	*ḱeḱléwetes	*ḱeḱl̥wih₁tóm
3rd dual	*?	*ḱeḱlutā́m	*ḱeḱléwetes	*ḱeḱl̥wih₁tā́m
1st plural	*ḱeḱlumé	—	*ḱeḱléwomos	*ḱeḱl̥wih₁mé
2nd plural	*ḱeḱl̥wé	*ḱeḱluté	*ḱeḱléwete	*ḱeḱl̥wih₁té
3rd plural	*ḱeḱl̥wḗr	*ḱeḱl̥wéntu	*ḱeḱléwonti	*ḱeḱl̥wih₁ént
Participle	*ḱeḱluwṓs

Descendants

• Celtic:
  • Proto-Brythonic: *kiglow (preterite of *klüwid)
  • Old Irish: ro·cúalae
    • Irish: chuala
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćućrā́wa
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śuśrā́wa
    • Sanskrit: शुश्राव (śuśrā́va)
  • Proto-Iranian: *cucrā́wa
    • Avestan: 𐬯𐬏𐬯𐬭𐬏𐬨𐬀 (sūsrūma)

ḱéleti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Thematic root verb of *ḱel- (“to cover”).

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)

1. to be covering, hiding

Inflection

Imperfective, thematic
3rd singular	*ḱéleti
3rd plural	*ḱélonti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*ḱéloh₂	*ḱélom	—	*ḱélōh₂	*ḱéloyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*ḱélesi	*ḱéles	*ḱéle	*ḱélēsi	*ḱéloys
3rd singular	*ḱéleti	*ḱélet	*ḱéletu	*ḱélēti	*ḱéloyt
1st dual	*ḱélowos	*ḱélowe	—	*ḱélōwos	*ḱéloywe
2nd dual	*ḱéletes	*ḱéletom	*ḱéletom	*ḱélētes	*ḱéloytom
3rd dual	*ḱéletes	*ḱéletām	*ḱéletām	*ḱélētes	*ḱéloytām
1st plural	*ḱélomos	*ḱélome	—	*ḱélōmos	*ḱéloyme
2nd plural	*ḱélete	*ḱélete	*ḱélete	*ḱélēte	*ḱéloyte
3rd plural	*ḱélonti	*ḱélont	*ḱélontu	*ḱélōnti	*ḱéloyh₁n̥t
Participle	*ḱélonts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*ḱéloh₂er	*ḱéloh₂e	—	*ḱélōh₂er	*ḱéloyh₂e
2nd singular	*ḱéleth₂er	*ḱéleth₂e	*ḱéleso	*ḱélēth₂er	*ḱéloyth₂e
3rd singular	*ḱéletor	*ḱéleto	*?	*ḱélētor	*ḱéloyto, *ḱéloyh₁o
1st dual	*ḱélowosdʰh₂	*ḱélowedʰh₂	—	*ḱélōwosdʰh₂	*ḱéloywedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*ḱélomosdʰh₂	*ḱélomedʰh₂	—	*ḱélōmosdʰh₂	*ḱéloymedʰh₂
2nd plural	*ḱéledʰh₂we	*ḱéledʰh₂we	*ḱéledʰh₂we	*ḱélēdʰh₂we	*ḱéloydʰh₂we
3rd plural	*ḱéloror, *ḱélontor	*ḱéloro, *ḱélonto	*?	*ḱélōror, *ḱélōntor	*ḱéloyro, *ḱéloyh₁n̥to
Participle	*ḱélomnos

Descendants

• Proto-Celtic: *keleti (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *helaną (“to cover, to conceal”) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *kelō
  • Latin: *celō (attested in occulō)

ḱéytor

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Athematic Narten root verb of *ḱey- (“to be lying down”).

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)

1. to be lying flat

Inflection

Imperfective, athematic, middle only
3rd singular	*ḱéytor, *ḱéyor
3rd plural	*ḱéyror, *ḱéyn̥tor
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*ḱéyh₂er	*ḱéyh₂e	—	*ḱéyoh₂er	*ḱéyih₁h₂e
2nd singular	*ḱéyth₂er	*ḱéyth₂e	*ḱéyso	*ḱéyeth₂er	*ḱéyih₁th₂e
3rd singular	*ḱéytor, *ḱéyor	*ḱéyto, *ḱéyo	*?	*ḱéyetor	*ḱéyih₁to, *ḱéyih₁o
1st dual	*ḱéywosdʰh₂	*ḱéywedʰh₂	—	*ḱéyowosdʰh₂	*ḱéyih₁wedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*ḱéymosdʰh₂	*ḱéymedʰh₂	—	*ḱéyomosdʰh₂	*ḱéyih₁medʰh₂
2nd plural	*ḱéydʰh₂we	*ḱéydʰh₂we	*ḱéydʰh₂we	*ḱéyedʰh₂we	*ḱéyih₁dʰh₂we
3rd plural	*ḱéyror, *ḱéyn̥tor	*ḱéyro, *ḱéyn̥to	*?	*ḱéyoror, *ḱéyontor	*ḱéyih₁ro, *ḱéyih₁n̥to
Participle	*ḱéym̥h₁nos

Descendants

• Proto-Anatolian: *ḱiytor
  • Hittite: 𒆠𒀉𒋫 (ki-it-ta /⁠kitta⁠/), 𒆠𒀉𒋫𒊑 (ki-it-ta-ri /⁠kittari⁠/), 𒆠𒀉𒁕𒊑 (ki-id-da-ri /⁠kittari⁠/)
  • Luwian:

    Cuneiform script: 𒍣𒄿𒀀𒅈 (zi-ya-ar /⁠ziyar⁠/), 𒍣𒄿𒄿𒀀𒊑 (zi-i-ya-ri /⁠zīyari⁠/)

  • Lycian: 𐊖𐊆𐊊𐊚𐊏𐊆 (sijẽni), 𐊖𐊆𐊊𐊁𐊏𐊆 (sijeni)
  • Palaic: 𒆠𒄿𒋫𒅈 (ki-i-ta-ar /⁠kītār⁠/)
• Proto-Hellenic: *kéimai
  • Ancient Greek: κεῖμαι (keîmai)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćáyHay
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śáyHay
    • Sanskrit:

      Vedic Sanskrit: शये (śáye)

      Classical Sanskrit: शेते (śéte)

  • Proto-Iranian: *cáytay
    • Avestan: 𐬯𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬉 (saētē)

kh₂pyéti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *kap- (“to seize, hold”) +‎ *-yéti.

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)

1. to be seized, held

Inflection

Imperfective, thematic
3rd singular	*kapyéti
3rd plural	*kapyónti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*kapyóh₂	*kapyóm	—	*kapyṓh₂	*kapyóyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*kapyési	*kapyés	*kapyé	*kapyḗsi	*kapyóys
3rd singular	*kapyéti	*kapyét	*kapyétu	*kapyḗti	*kapyóyt
1st dual	*kapyówos	*kapyówe	—	*kapyṓwos	*kapyóywe
2nd dual	*kapyétes	*kapyétom	*kapyétom	*kapyḗtes	*kapyóytom
3rd dual	*kapyétes	*kapyétām	*kapyétām	*kapyḗtes	*kapyóytām
1st plural	*kapyómos	*kapyóme	—	*kapyṓmos	*kapyóyme
2nd plural	*kapyéte	*kapyéte	*kapyéte	*kapyḗte	*kapyóyte
3rd plural	*kapyónti	*kapyónt	*kapyóntu	*kapyṓnti	*kapyóyh₁n̥t
Participle	*kapyónts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*kapyóh₂er	*kapyóh₂e	—	*kapyṓh₂er	*kapyóyh₂e
2nd singular	*kapyéth₂er	*kapyéth₂e	*kapyéso	*kapyḗth₂er	*kapyóyth₂e
3rd singular	*kapyétor	*kapyéto	*?	*kapyḗtor	*kapyóyto, *kapyóyh₁o
1st dual	*kapyówosdʰh₂	*kapyówedʰh₂	—	*kapyṓwosdʰh₂	*kapyóywedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*kapyómosdʰh₂	*kapyómedʰh₂	—	*kapyṓmosdʰh₂	*kapyóymedʰh₂
2nd plural	*kapyédʰh₂we	*kapyédʰh₂we	*kapyédʰh₂we	*kapyḗdʰh₂we	*kapyóydʰh₂we
3rd plural	*kapyóror, *kapyóntor	*kapyóro, *kapyónto	*?	*kapyṓror, *kapyṓntor	*kapyóyro, *kapyóyh₁n̥to
Participle	*kapyómnos

Alternative reconstructions

• *kh₂pyéti

Descendants

• Proto-Albanian: *kapa
  • Albanian: kap (“to grab, catch, seize”)
• Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  • >? Latvian: kàmpju, kàmpt
• Proto-Germanic: *habjaną (“to lift”) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *kapťō
• Proto-Italic: *kapjō
  • Latin: capiō (see there for further descendants)
  • Oscan: kahad (3rd person singular present active subjunctive)

ḱléwt

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Athematic root aorist of *ḱlew- (“to hear”).

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (perfective)

1. to hear

Inflection

Perfective, athematic
3rd singular	*ḱlewt
3rd plural	*ḱl̥wént
Active voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*ḱlēm	—	*ḱlewoh₂	*ḱluyéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*ḱlews	*ḱlew, *ḱludʰí	*ḱlewesi	*ḱluyéh₁s
3rd singular	*ḱlewt	*ḱlewtu	*ḱleweti	*ḱluyéh₁t
1st dual	*ḱluwé	—	*ḱlewowos	*ḱl̥wih₁wé
2nd dual	*ḱlutóm	*ḱlutóm	*ḱlewetes	*ḱl̥wih₁tóm
3rd dual	*ḱlutā́m	*ḱlutā́m	*ḱlewetes	*ḱl̥wih₁tā́m
1st plural	*ḱlumé	—	*ḱlewomos	*ḱl̥wih₁mé
2nd plural	*ḱluté	*ḱluté	*ḱlewete	*ḱl̥wih₁té
3rd plural	*ḱl̥wént	*ḱl̥wéntu	*ḱlewonti	*ḱl̥wih₁ént
Participle	*ḱl̥wónts
Middle voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*ḱluh₂é	—	*ḱlewoh₂er	*ḱl̥wih₁h₂é
2nd singular	*ḱluth₂é	*ḱlusó	*ḱleweth₂er	*ḱl̥wih₁th₂é
3rd singular	*ḱlutó, *ḱl̥wó	*?	*ḱlewetor	*ḱl̥wih₁tó, *ḱl̥wih₁ó
1st dual	*ḱluwédʰh₂	—	*ḱlewowosdʰh₂	*ḱl̥wih₁wédʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*ḱlumédʰh₂	—	*ḱlewomosdʰh₂	*ḱl̥wih₁médʰh₂
2nd plural	*ḱludʰh₂wé	*ḱludʰh₂wé	*ḱlewedʰh₂we	*ḱl̥wih₁dʰh₂wé
3rd plural	*ḱluró, *ḱl̥wn̥tó	*?	*ḱleworor, *ḱlewontor	*ḱl̥wih₁ró, *ḱl̥wih₁n̥tó
Participle	*ḱl̥wm̥h₁nós

Descendants

• Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: լուաւ (luaw)
• (perhaps) Balto-Slavic:
  • Proto-Slavic: *slùti (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: κλῦτε (klûte)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háćrawt
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háśrawt
    • Sanskrit: अश्रोत् (áśrot)
  • Proto-Iranian: *cráwt
    • Avestan: 𐬯𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬙𐬏 (sraotū, 3sg.aor.act.impv.)

ḱl̥néwti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *ḱlew- (“to hear”) +‎ *-né- (nasal infix).

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)

1. to be listening

Inflection

Imperfective, athematic
3rd singular	*ḱl̥néwti
3rd plural	*ḱln̥wénti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*ḱl̥néwmi	*ḱl̥nḗm	—	*ḱl̥néwoh₂	*ḱl̥nuyéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*ḱl̥néwsi	*ḱl̥néws	*ḱl̥néw, *ḱl̥nudʰí	*ḱl̥néwesi	*ḱl̥nuyéh₁s
3rd singular	*ḱl̥néwti	*ḱl̥néwt	*ḱl̥néwtu	*ḱl̥néweti	*ḱl̥nuyéh₁t
1st dual	*ḱl̥nuwós	*ḱl̥nuwé	—	*ḱl̥néwowos	*ḱln̥wih₁wé
2nd dual	*ḱl̥nutés	*ḱl̥nutóm	*ḱl̥nutóm	*ḱl̥néwetes	*ḱln̥wih₁tóm
3rd dual	*ḱl̥nutés	*ḱl̥nutā́m	*ḱl̥nutā́m	*ḱl̥néwetes	*ḱln̥wih₁tā́m
1st plural	*ḱl̥numós	*ḱl̥numé	—	*ḱl̥néwomos	*ḱln̥wih₁mé
2nd plural	*ḱl̥nuté	*ḱl̥nuté	*ḱl̥nuté	*ḱl̥néwete	*ḱln̥wih₁té
3rd plural	*ḱln̥wénti	*ḱln̥wént	*ḱln̥wéntu	*ḱl̥néwonti	*ḱln̥wih₁ént
Participle	*ḱln̥wónts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*ḱl̥nuh₂ér	*ḱl̥nuh₂é	—	*ḱl̥néwoh₂er	*ḱln̥wih₁h₂é
2nd singular	*ḱl̥nuth₂ér	*ḱl̥nuth₂é	*ḱl̥nusó	*ḱl̥néweth₂er	*ḱln̥wih₁th₂é
3rd singular	*ḱl̥nutór, *ḱln̥wór	*ḱl̥nutó, *ḱln̥wó	*?	*ḱl̥néwetor	*ḱln̥wih₁tó, *ḱln̥wih₁ó
1st dual	*ḱl̥nuwósdʰh₂	*ḱl̥nuwédʰh₂	—	*ḱl̥néwowosdʰh₂	*ḱln̥wih₁wédʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*ḱl̥numósdʰh₂	*ḱl̥numédʰh₂	—	*ḱl̥néwomosdʰh₂	*ḱln̥wih₁médʰh₂
2nd plural	*ḱl̥nudʰh₂wé	*ḱl̥nudʰh₂wé	*ḱl̥nudʰh₂wé	*ḱl̥néwedʰh₂we	*ḱln̥wih₁dʰh₂wé
3rd plural	*ḱl̥nurór, *ḱln̥wn̥tór	*ḱl̥nuró, *ḱln̥wn̥tó	*?	*ḱl̥néworor, *ḱl̥néwontor	*ḱln̥wih₁ró, *ḱln̥wih₁n̥tó
Participle	*ḱln̥wm̥h₁nós

Derived terms

• *ḱl̥nów-is ~ *ḱln̥w-éy-s
  • >? Proto-Germanic: *hlunniz
    • Proto-West Germanic: *hlunni (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

• Proto-Celtic: *klinutor (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćr̥náwti (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Tocharian: *klän-
  • Tocharian A: käln-
  • Tocharian B: käln-

légʰyeti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *legʰ- (“to lie in resting position”) +‎ *-yeti.

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)

1. to be lying down

Inflection

Imperfective, thematic, active only
3rd singular	*légʰyeti
3rd plural	*légʰyonti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*légʰyoh₂	*légʰyom	—	*légʰyōh₂	*légʰyoyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*légʰyesi	*légʰyes	*légʰye	*légʰyēsi	*légʰyoys
3rd singular	*légʰyeti	*légʰyet	*légʰyetu	*légʰyēti	*légʰyoyt
1st dual	*légʰyowos	*légʰyowe	—	*légʰyōwos	*légʰyoywe
2nd dual	*légʰyetes	*légʰyetom	*légʰyetom	*légʰyētes	*légʰyoytom
3rd dual	*légʰyetes	*légʰyetām	*légʰyetām	*légʰyētes	*légʰyoytām
1st plural	*légʰyomos	*légʰyome	—	*légʰyōmos	*légʰyoyme
2nd plural	*légʰyete	*légʰyete	*légʰyete	*légʰyēte	*légʰyoyte
3rd plural	*légʰyonti	*légʰyont	*légʰyontu	*légʰyōnti	*légʰyoyh₁n̥t
Participle	*légʰyonts

Descendants

• Balto-Slavic:
  • Proto-Slavic: *ležati (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *ligjaną (see there for further descendants)
• Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: (Homeric) λέκτο (lékto)

lelóykʷe

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Reduplicated stative of the root *leykʷ- (“to leave”).

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (stative)

1. to be missing, to be gone

Inflection

Stative
3rd singular	*lelóykʷe
3rd plural	*lelikʷḗr
Active voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*lelóykʷh₂e	—	*leléykʷoh₂	*lelikʷyéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*lelóykʷth₂e	*lelóykʷ, *lelikʷdʰí	*leléykʷesi	*lelikʷyéh₁s
3rd singular	*lelóykʷe	*lelóykʷtu	*leléykʷeti	*lelikʷyéh₁t
1st dual	*lelikwé	—	*leléykʷowos	*lelikʷih₁wé
2nd dual	*?	*lelikʷtóm	*leléykʷetes	*lelikʷih₁tóm
3rd dual	*?	*lelikʷtā́m	*leléykʷetes	*lelikʷih₁tā́m
1st plural	*lelikʷmé	—	*leléykʷomos	*lelikʷih₁mé
2nd plural	*lelikʷé	*lelikʷté	*leléykʷete	*lelikʷih₁té
3rd plural	*lelikʷḗr	*lelikʷéntu	*leléykʷonti	*lelikʷih₁ént
Participle	*lelikwṓs

Descendants

• Proto-Germanic: *laihw (see there for further descendants)
• Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: λέλοιπᾰ (léloipa)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *riráyča
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *riráyća
    • Sanskrit: रिरेच (riréca)

léykʷt

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Athematic root aorist of *leykʷ- (“to leave”).

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (perfective)

1. to leave

Inflection

Perfective, athematic
3rd singular	*léykʷt
3rd plural	*likʷént
Active voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*léykʷm̥	—	*léykʷoh₂	*likʷyéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*léykʷs	*léykʷ, *likʷdʰí	*léykʷesi	*likʷyéh₁s
3rd singular	*léykʷt	*léykʷtu	*léykʷeti	*likʷyéh₁t
1st dual	*likwé	—	*léykʷowos	*likʷih₁wé
2nd dual	*likʷtóm	*likʷtóm	*léykʷetes	*likʷih₁tóm
3rd dual	*likʷtā́m	*likʷtā́m	*léykʷetes	*likʷih₁tā́m
1st plural	*likʷmé	—	*léykʷomos	*likʷih₁mé
2nd plural	*likʷté	*likʷté	*léykʷete	*likʷih₁té
3rd plural	*likʷént	*likʷéntu	*léykʷonti	*likʷih₁ént
Participle	*likʷónts
Middle voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*likʷh₂é	—	*léykʷoh₂er	*likʷih₁h₂é
2nd singular	*likʷth₂é	*likʷsó	*léykʷeth₂er	*likʷih₁th₂é
3rd singular	*likʷtó, *likʷó	*?	*léykʷetor	*likʷih₁tó, *likʷih₁ó
1st dual	*likwédʰh₂	—	*léykʷowosdʰh₂	*likʷih₁wédʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*likʷmédʰh₂	—	*léykʷomosdʰh₂	*likʷih₁médʰh₂
2nd plural	*likʷdʰh₂wé	*likʷdʰh₂wé	*léykʷedʰh₂we	*likʷih₁dʰh₂wé
3rd plural	*likʷró, *likʷn̥tó	*?	*léykʷoror, *léykʷontor	*likʷih₁ró, *likʷih₁n̥tó
Participle	*likʷm̥h₁nós

Descendants

• Balto-Slavic:
  • Lithuanian: likti (“to stay”) (possibly)
  • Proto-Slavic: *lixъ (“remaining, odd number”) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *līhwaną (“to lend”)
• Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: λείπω (leípō, “I leave”)
• Proto-Italic: *leikʷai
  • Latin: līquī

linékʷti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *leykʷ- (“to leave”) +‎ *-né- (nasal infix).

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)

1. to be leaving

Inflection

Imperfective, athematic
3rd singular	*linékʷti
3rd plural	*linkʷénti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*linékʷmi	*linékʷm̥	—	*linékʷoh₂	*linkʷyéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*linékʷsi	*linékʷs	*linékʷ, *linkʷdʰí	*linékʷesi	*linkʷyéh₁s
3rd singular	*linékʷti	*linékʷt	*linékʷtu	*linékʷeti	*linkʷyéh₁t
1st dual	*linkwós	*linkwé	—	*linékʷowos	*linkʷih₁wé
2nd dual	*linkʷtés	*linkʷtóm	*linkʷtóm	*linékʷetes	*linkʷih₁tóm
3rd dual	*linkʷtés	*linkʷtā́m	*linkʷtā́m	*linékʷetes	*linkʷih₁tā́m
1st plural	*linkʷmós	*linkʷmé	—	*linékʷomos	*linkʷih₁mé
2nd plural	*linkʷté	*linkʷté	*linkʷté	*linékʷete	*linkʷih₁té
3rd plural	*linkʷénti	*linkʷént	*linkʷéntu	*linékʷonti	*linkʷih₁ént
Participle	*linkʷónts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*linkʷh₂ér	*linkʷh₂é	—	*linékʷoh₂er	*linkʷih₁h₂é
2nd singular	*linkʷth₂ér	*linkʷth₂é	*linkʷsó	*linékʷeth₂er	*linkʷih₁th₂é
3rd singular	*linkʷtór, *linkʷór	*linkʷtó, *linkʷó	*?	*linékʷetor	*linkʷih₁tó, *linkʷih₁ó
1st dual	*linkwósdʰh₂	*linkwédʰh₂	—	*linékʷowosdʰh₂	*linkʷih₁wédʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*linkʷmósdʰh₂	*linkʷmédʰh₂	—	*linékʷomosdʰh₂	*linkʷih₁médʰh₂
2nd plural	*linkʷdʰh₂wé	*linkʷdʰh₂wé	*linkʷdʰh₂wé	*linékʷedʰh₂we	*linkʷih₁dʰh₂wé
3rd plural	*linkʷrór, *linkʷn̥tór	*linkʷró, *linkʷn̥tó	*?	*linékʷoror, *linékʷontor	*linkʷih₁ró, *linkʷih₁n̥tó
Participle	*linkʷm̥h₁nós

Descendants

• Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: լքանեմ (lkʻanem, “to leave”)
• Proto-Celtic: *linkʷīti (with unexpected extension of the stem with -ī-) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *rinákti
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *rinákti
    • Sanskrit: रिणक्ति (riṇákti, “he leaves”)
  • Proto-Iranian: *rináxti
    • Younger Avestan: 𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬥𐬀𐬑𐬙𐬌 (ⁱrinaxti)
• Proto-Italic: *linkʷō
  • Latin: linquō (“I leave”)

memóne

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Reduplicated perfect of the root *men- (“to think, mind”).

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (stative)

1. to think, to be mindful
2. to remember

Inflection

Stative
3rd singular	*memóne
3rd plural	*memnḗr
Active voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*memónh₂e	—	*meménoh₂	*memn̥yéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*memónth₂e	*memón, *memn̥dʰí	*meménesi	*memn̥yéh₁s
3rd singular	*memóne	*memóntu	*meméneti	*memn̥yéh₁t
1st dual	*memn̥wé	—	*meménowos	*memnih₁wé
2nd dual	*?	*memn̥tóm	*meménetes	*memnih₁tóm
3rd dual	*?	*memn̥tā́m	*meménetes	*memnih₁tā́m
1st plural	*memn̥mé	—	*meménomos	*memnih₁mé
2nd plural	*memné	*memn̥té	*meménete	*memnih₁té
3rd plural	*memnḗr	*memnéntu	*meménonti	*memnih₁ént
Participle	*memn̥wṓs

Descendants

• Proto-Germanic: *munaną
• Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: μέμονα (mémona)
• Proto-Italic: *memonai
  • Latin: meminī

mléwHti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative forms

• *mléwh₂ti

Etymology

Athematic root present of *mlewH- (“to say”).

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)

1. to say

Inflection

Imperfective, athematic
3rd singular	*mléwHti
3rd plural	*mluHénti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*mléwHmi	*mléwHm̥	—	*mléwHoh₂	*mluHyéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*mléwHsi	*mléwHs	*mléwH, *mluHdʰí	*mléwHesi	*mluHyéh₁s
3rd singular	*mléwHti	*mléwHt	*mléwHtu	*mléwHeti	*mluHyéh₁t
1st dual	*mluHwós	*mluHwé	—	*mléwHowos	*mluHih₁wé
2nd dual	*mluHtés	*mluHtóm	*mluHtóm	*mléwHetes	*mluHih₁tóm
3rd dual	*mluHtés	*mluHtā́m	*mluHtā́m	*mléwHetes	*mluHih₁tā́m
1st plural	*mluHmós	*mluHmé	—	*mléwHomos	*mluHih₁mé
2nd plural	*mluHté	*mluHté	*mluHté	*mléwHete	*mluHih₁té
3rd plural	*mluHénti	*mluHént	*mluHéntu	*mléwHonti	*mluHih₁ént
Participle	*mluHónts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*mluHh₂ér	*mluHh₂é	—	*mléwHoh₂er	*mluHih₁h₂é
2nd singular	*mluHth₂ér	*mluHth₂é	*mluHsó	*mléwHeth₂er	*mluHih₁th₂é
3rd singular	*mluHtór, *mluHór	*mluHtó, *mluHó	*?	*mléwHetor	*mluHih₁tó, *mluHih₁ó
1st dual	*mluHwósdʰh₂	*mluHwédʰh₂	—	*mléwHowosdʰh₂	*mluHih₁wédʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*mluHmósdʰh₂	*mluHmédʰh₂	—	*mléwHomosdʰh₂	*mluHih₁médʰh₂
2nd plural	*mluHdʰh₂wé	*mluHdʰh₂wé	*mluHdʰh₂wé	*mléwHedʰh₂we	*mluHih₁dʰh₂wé
3rd plural	*mluHrór, *mluHn̥tór	*mluHró, *mluHn̥tó	*?	*mléwHoror, *mléwHontor	*mluHih₁ró, *mluHih₁n̥tó
Participle	*mluHm̥h₁nós

Descendants

• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mráwHti
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bráwHti
    • Sanskrit: ब्रवीति (brávīti), ब्रूते (brūté)
  • Proto-Iranian: *mráwHti
    • Avestan: 𐬨𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬙𐬌 (mraoⁱti)
• Proto-Tocharian:
  • Tocharian B: pälw-

néweh₂ti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From the adjective *néwos (“new”) +‎ *-h₂ti.

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)

1. to renew

Inflection

Imperfective, athematic
3rd singular	*néweh₂ti
3rd plural	*néweh₂n̥ti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*néweh₂mi	*néwām	—	*néweh₂oh₂	*néweh₂yeh₁m̥
2nd singular	*néweh₂si	*néweh₂s	*néweh₂, *néweh₂dʰi	*néweh₂esi	*néweh₂yeh₁s
3rd singular	*néweh₂ti	*néweh₂t	*néweh₂tu	*néweh₂eti	*néweh₂yeh₁t
1st dual	*néweh₂wos	*néweh₂we	—	*néweh₂owos	*néweh₂ih₁we
2nd dual	*néweh₂tes	*néweh₂tom	*néweh₂tom	*néweh₂etes	*néweh₂ih₁tom
3rd dual	*néweh₂tes	*néweh₂tām	*néweh₂tām	*néweh₂etes	*néweh₂ih₁tām
1st plural	*néweh₂mos	*néweh₂me	—	*néweh₂omos	*néweh₂ih₁me
2nd plural	*néweh₂te	*néweh₂te	*néweh₂te	*néweh₂ete	*néweh₂ih₁te
3rd plural	*néweh₂n̥ti	*néweh₂n̥t	*néweh₂n̥tu	*néweh₂onti	*néweh₂ih₁n̥t
Participle	*néweh₂n̥ts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*néweh₂h₂er	*néweh₂h₂e	—	*néweh₂oh₂er	*néweh₂ih₁h₂e
2nd singular	*néweh₂th₂er	*néweh₂th₂e	*néweh₂so	*néweh₂eth₂er	*néweh₂ih₁th₂e
3rd singular	*néweh₂tor, *néweh₂or	*néweh₂to, *néweh₂o	*?	*néweh₂etor	*néweh₂ih₁to, *néweh₂ih₁o
1st dual	*néweh₂wosdʰh₂	*néweh₂wedʰh₂	—	*néweh₂owosdʰh₂	*néweh₂ih₁wedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*néweh₂mosdʰh₂	*néweh₂medʰh₂	—	*néweh₂omosdʰh₂	*néweh₂ih₁medʰh₂
2nd plural	*néweh₂dʰh₂we	*néweh₂dʰh₂we	*néweh₂dʰh₂we	*néweh₂edʰh₂we	*néweh₂ih₁dʰh₂we
3rd plural	*néweh₂ror, *néweh₂n̥tor	*néweh₂ro, *néweh₂n̥to	*?	*néweh₂oror, *néweh₂ontor	*néweh₂ih₁ro, *néweh₂ih₁n̥to
Participle	*néweh₂m̥h₁nos

Descendants

• Proto-Anatolian:
  • Hittite: 𒉈𒂊𒌋𒉿𒄴𒄩𒀭𒍣 (ne-e-u-wa-aḫ-ḫa-an-zi /⁠nēwaḫḫ-⁠/, “renew”)
• Proto-Hellenic: *newaō
  • Ancient Greek: νεάω (neáō)
• Proto-Italic: *nowāō
  • Latin: novō

píbeti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)

1. alternative reconstruction of *píph₃eti

Inflection

Imperfective, thematic
3rd singular	*píbeti
3rd plural	*píbonti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*píboh₂	*píbom	—	*píbōh₂	*píboyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*píbesi	*píbes	*píbe	*píbēsi	*píboys
3rd singular	*píbeti	*píbet	*píbetu	*píbēti	*píboyt
1st dual	*píbowos	*píbowe	—	*píbōwos	*píboywe
2nd dual	*píbetes	*píbetom	*píbetom	*píbētes	*píboytom
3rd dual	*píbetes	*píbetām	*píbetām	*píbētes	*píboytām
1st plural	*píbomos	*píbome	—	*píbōmos	*píboyme
2nd plural	*píbete	*píbete	*píbete	*píbēte	*píboyte
3rd plural	*píbonti	*píbont	*píbontu	*píbōnti	*píboyh₁n̥t
Participle	*píbonts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*píboh₂er	*píboh₂e	—	*píbōh₂er	*píboyh₂e
2nd singular	*píbeth₂er	*píbeth₂e	*píbeso	*píbēth₂er	*píboyth₂e
3rd singular	*píbetor	*píbeto	*?	*píbētor	*píboyto, *píboyh₁o
1st dual	*píbowosdʰh₂	*píbowedʰh₂	—	*píbōwosdʰh₂	*píboywedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*píbomosdʰh₂	*píbomedʰh₂	—	*píbōmosdʰh₂	*píboymedʰh₂
2nd plural	*píbedʰh₂we	*píbedʰh₂we	*píbedʰh₂we	*píbēdʰh₂we	*píboydʰh₂we
3rd plural	*píboror, *píbontor	*píboro, *píbonto	*?	*píbōror, *píbōntor	*píboyro, *píboyh₁n̥to
Participle	*píbomnos

píph₃eti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

• *píbeti

Etymology

Thematic i-reduplicated root of *peh₃- (“to drink”).

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)

1. to drink, to be drinking

Inflection

Imperfective, thematic
3rd singular	*píph₃eti
3rd plural	*píph₃onti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*píph₃oh₂	*píph₃om	—	*píph₃ōh₂	*píph₃oyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*píph₃esi	*píph₃es	*píph₃e	*píph₃ēsi	*píph₃oys
3rd singular	*píph₃eti	*píph₃et	*píph₃etu	*píph₃ēti	*píph₃oyt
1st dual	*píph₃owos	*píph₃owe	—	*píph₃ōwos	*píph₃oywe
2nd dual	*píph₃etes	*píph₃etom	*píph₃etom	*píph₃ētes	*píph₃oytom
3rd dual	*píph₃etes	*píph₃etām	*píph₃etām	*píph₃ētes	*píph₃oytām
1st plural	*píph₃omos	*píph₃ome	—	*píph₃ōmos	*píph₃oyme
2nd plural	*píph₃ete	*píph₃ete	*píph₃ete	*píph₃ēte	*píph₃oyte
3rd plural	*píph₃onti	*píph₃ont	*píph₃ontu	*píph₃ōnti	*píph₃oyh₁n̥t
Participle	*píph₃onts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*píph₃oh₂er	*píph₃oh₂e	—	*píph₃ōh₂er	*píph₃oyh₂e
2nd singular	*píph₃eth₂er	*píph₃eth₂e	*píph₃eso	*píph₃ēth₂er	*píph₃oyth₂e
3rd singular	*píph₃etor	*píph₃eto	*?	*píph₃ētor	*píph₃oyto, *píph₃oyh₁o
1st dual	*píph₃owosdʰh₂	*píph₃owedʰh₂	—	*píph₃ōwosdʰh₂	*píph₃oywedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*píph₃omosdʰh₂	*píph₃omedʰh₂	—	*píph₃ōmosdʰh₂	*píph₃oymedʰh₂
2nd plural	*píph₃edʰh₂we	*píph₃edʰh₂we	*píph₃edʰh₂we	*píph₃ēdʰh₂we	*píph₃oydʰh₂we
3rd plural	*píph₃oror, *píph₃ontor	*píph₃oro, *píph₃onto	*?	*píph₃ōror, *píph₃ōntor	*píph₃oyro, *píph₃oyh₁n̥to
Participle	*píph₃omnos

Descendants

Most descendants show voicing of the second *p to *b. This is generally taken to be assimilation to the following laryngeal, yielding *píbeti.

• >? Proto-Albanian: *pīja
  • Old Albanian: pii
    • Albanian: pi
• Proto-Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: ըմպեմ (əmpem)
• Proto-Celtic: *ɸibeti (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píbati (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *pibō (see there for further descendants)
• Sicel: πιβε (pibe)

pr̥sḱéti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *preḱ- (“to ask”) +‎ *-sḱéti (iterative verbal suffix), with simplification of the consonant cluster.

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)

1. to keep asking, to question

Inflection

Imperfective, thematic
3rd singular	*pr̥sḱéti
3rd plural	*pr̥sḱónti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*pr̥sḱóh₂	*pr̥sḱóm	—	*pr̥sḱṓh₂	*pr̥sḱóyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*pr̥sḱési	*pr̥sḱés	*pr̥sḱé	*pr̥sḱḗsi	*pr̥sḱóys
3rd singular	*pr̥sḱéti	*pr̥sḱét	*pr̥sḱétu	*pr̥sḱḗti	*pr̥sḱóyt
1st dual	*pr̥sḱówos	*pr̥sḱówe	—	*pr̥sḱṓwos	*pr̥sḱóywe
2nd dual	*pr̥sḱétes	*pr̥sḱétom	*pr̥sḱétom	*pr̥sḱḗtes	*pr̥sḱóytom
3rd dual	*pr̥sḱétes	*pr̥sḱétām	*pr̥sḱétām	*pr̥sḱḗtes	*pr̥sḱóytām
1st plural	*pr̥sḱómos	*pr̥sḱóme	—	*pr̥sḱṓmos	*pr̥sḱóyme
2nd plural	*pr̥sḱéte	*pr̥sḱéte	*pr̥sḱéte	*pr̥sḱḗte	*pr̥sḱóyte
3rd plural	*pr̥sḱónti	*pr̥sḱónt	*pr̥sḱóntu	*pr̥sḱṓnti	*pr̥sḱóyh₁n̥t
Participle	*pr̥sḱónts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*pr̥sḱóh₂er	*pr̥sḱóh₂e	—	*pr̥sḱṓh₂er	*pr̥sḱóyh₂e
2nd singular	*pr̥sḱéth₂er	*pr̥sḱéth₂e	*pr̥sḱéso	*pr̥sḱḗth₂er	*pr̥sḱóyth₂e
3rd singular	*pr̥sḱétor	*pr̥sḱéto	*?	*pr̥sḱḗtor	*pr̥sḱóyto, *pr̥sḱóyh₁o
1st dual	*pr̥sḱówosdʰh₂	*pr̥sḱówedʰh₂	—	*pr̥sḱṓwosdʰh₂	*pr̥sḱóywedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*pr̥sḱómosdʰh₂	*pr̥sḱómedʰh₂	—	*pr̥sḱṓmosdʰh₂	*pr̥sḱóymedʰh₂
2nd plural	*pr̥sḱédʰh₂we	*pr̥sḱédʰh₂we	*pr̥sḱédʰh₂we	*pr̥sḱḗdʰh₂we	*pr̥sḱóydʰh₂we
3rd plural	*pr̥sḱóror, *pr̥sḱóntor	*pr̥sḱóro, *pr̥sḱónto	*?	*pr̥sḱṓror, *pr̥sḱṓntor	*pr̥sḱóyro, *pr̥sḱóyh₁n̥to
Participle	*pr̥sḱómnos

Derived terms

• *pr̥sḱ-eh₂
  • Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: հարց (harcʻ)
  • Proto-Germanic: *furskō
    • Proto-West Germanic: *forsku (see there for further descendants)
      • ⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *forskōn (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥šćaH
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pr̥ćśaH
      • Sanskrit: पृच्छा (pṛcchā)
        • Pali: pucchā

Descendants

• Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: հարցանեմ (harcʻanem)
    • Armenian: հարցնել (harcʻnel)
• Proto-Celtic: *ɸarsketi (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥šćáti (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *porskō (see there for further descendants)

sédt

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Athematic root aorist of *sed- (“to sit”).

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (perfective)

1. to sit down

Inflection

Perfective, athematic
3rd singular	*sédt
3rd plural	*sdént
Active voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*sédm̥	—	*sédoh₂	*sdyéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*séds	*séd, *sddʰí	*sédesi	*sdyéh₁s
3rd singular	*sédt	*sédtu	*sédeti	*sdyéh₁t
1st dual	*sdwé	—	*sédowos	*sdih₁wé
2nd dual	*sdtóm	*sdtóm	*sédetes	*sdih₁tóm
3rd dual	*sdtā́m	*sdtā́m	*sédetes	*sdih₁tā́m
1st plural	*sdmé	—	*sédomos	*sdih₁mé
2nd plural	*sdté	*sdté	*sédete	*sdih₁té
3rd plural	*sdént	*sdéntu	*sédonti	*sdih₁ént
Participle	*sdónts
Middle voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*sdh₂é	—	*sédoh₂er	*sdih₁h₂é
2nd singular	*sdth₂é	*sdsó	*sédeth₂er	*sdih₁th₂é
3rd singular	*sdtó, *sdó	*?	*sédetor	*sdih₁tó, *sdih₁ó
1st dual	*sdwédʰh₂	—	*sédowosdʰh₂	*sdih₁wédʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*sdmédʰh₂	—	*sédomosdʰh₂	*sdih₁médʰh₂
2nd plural	*sddʰh₂wé	*sddʰh₂wé	*sédedʰh₂we	*sdih₁dʰh₂wé
3rd plural	*sdró, *sdn̥tó	*?	*sédoror, *sédontor	*sdih₁ró, *sdih₁n̥tó
Participle	*sdm̥h₁nós

Descendants

• Proto-Hellenic: *ehedə
  • Ancient Greek: εἷσα (heîsa)

séh₂gyeti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *seh₂g- (“to seek out”) +‎ *-yeti.

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)

1. to seek out, give a sign, track

Inflection

Imperfective, thematic, active only
3rd singular	*séh₂gyeti
3rd plural	*séh₂gyonti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*séh₂gyoh₂	*séh₂gyom	—	*séh₂gyōh₂	*séh₂gyoyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*séh₂gyesi	*séh₂gyes	*séh₂gye	*séh₂gyēsi	*séh₂gyoys
3rd singular	*séh₂gyeti	*séh₂gyet	*séh₂gyetu	*séh₂gyēti	*séh₂gyoyt
1st dual	*séh₂gyowos	*séh₂gyowe	—	*séh₂gyōwos	*séh₂gyoywe
2nd dual	*séh₂gyetes	*séh₂gyetom	*séh₂gyetom	*séh₂gyētes	*séh₂gyoytom
3rd dual	*séh₂gyetes	*séh₂gyetām	*séh₂gyetām	*séh₂gyētes	*séh₂gyoytām
1st plural	*séh₂gyomos	*séh₂gyome	—	*séh₂gyōmos	*séh₂gyoyme
2nd plural	*séh₂gyete	*séh₂gyete	*séh₂gyete	*séh₂gyēte	*séh₂gyoyte
3rd plural	*séh₂gyonti	*séh₂gyont	*séh₂gyontu	*séh₂gyōnti	*séh₂gyoyh₁n̥t
Participle	*séh₂gyonts

Descendants

• Anatolian:
  • Hittite: 𒊭𒀀𒆠𒄑𒍣 (ša-a-ki-ez-zi /⁠šākizzi⁠/, 3.sg.pres.act.)
• Proto-Germanic: *sōkijaną (“to seek, to look for”) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *sāgiō
  • Latin: sāgiō

sísdeti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Thematic i-reduplicated root of *sed- (“to sit”).

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)

1. to be sitting down

Inflection

Imperfective, thematic, active only
3rd singular	*sísdeti
3rd plural	*sísdonti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*sísdoh₂	*sísdom	—	*sísdōh₂	*sísdoyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*sísdesi	*sísdes	*sísde	*sísdēsi	*sísdoys
3rd singular	*sísdeti	*sísdet	*sísdetu	*sísdēti	*sísdoyt
1st dual	*sísdowos	*sísdowe	—	*sísdōwos	*sísdoywe
2nd dual	*sísdetes	*sísdetom	*sísdetom	*sísdētes	*sísdoytom
3rd dual	*sísdetes	*sísdetām	*sísdetām	*sísdētes	*sísdoytām
1st plural	*sísdomos	*sísdome	—	*sísdōmos	*sísdoyme
2nd plural	*sísdete	*sísdete	*sísdete	*sísdēte	*sísdoyte
3rd plural	*sísdonti	*sísdont	*sísdontu	*sísdōnti	*sísdoyh₁n̥t
Participle	*sísdonts

Derived terms

• *si-sd-o-
  • ⇒ Old Armenian: զիստ (zist)
    • Armenian: զիստ (zist)

Descendants

• Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: նստիմ (nstim) (< *ni-sísdeti)
    • Armenian: նստել (nstel)
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sēˀstei
  • West Baltic:
    • Old Prussian: sindants (reformed as a nasal-infix present, or perhaps cf. Polish siąść)
  • East Baltic:
    • Latvian: sēsties
    • Lithuanian: sė́sti
  • Proto-Slavic: *sěsti (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *hízdō
  • Ancient Greek: ἵζω (hízō)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *síždati (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *sizdō (see there for further descendants)

skéydt

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Athematic root aorist of *skeyd- (“to split, to divide”).

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (perfective)

1. to cut off

Inflection

Perfective, athematic
3rd singular	*skéydt
3rd plural	*skidént
Active voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*skéydm̥	—	*skéydoh₂	*skidyéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*skéyds	*skéyd, *skiddʰí	*skéydesi	*skidyéh₁s
3rd singular	*skéydt	*skéydtu	*skéydeti	*skidyéh₁t
1st dual	*skidwé	—	*skéydowos	*skidih₁wé
2nd dual	*skidtóm	*skidtóm	*skéydetes	*skidih₁tóm
3rd dual	*skidtā́m	*skidtā́m	*skéydetes	*skidih₁tā́m
1st plural	*skidmé	—	*skéydomos	*skidih₁mé
2nd plural	*skidté	*skidté	*skéydete	*skidih₁té
3rd plural	*skidént	*skidéntu	*skéydonti	*skidih₁ént
Participle	*skidónts
Middle voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*skidh₂é	—	*skéydoh₂er	*skidih₁h₂é
2nd singular	*skidth₂é	*skidsó	*skéydeth₂er	*skidih₁th₂é
3rd singular	*skidtó, *skidó	*?	*skéydetor	*skidih₁tó, *skidih₁ó
1st dual	*skidwédʰh₂	—	*skéydowosdʰh₂	*skidih₁wédʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*skidmédʰh₂	—	*skéydomosdʰh₂	*skidih₁médʰh₂
2nd plural	*skiddʰh₂wé	*skiddʰh₂wé	*skéydedʰh₂we	*skidih₁dʰh₂wé
3rd plural	*skidró, *skidn̥tó	*?	*skéydoror, *skéydontor	*skidih₁ró, *skidih₁n̥tó
Participle	*skidm̥h₁nós

Descendants

• Proto-Germanic: *skītaną (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hásčaydt
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háśćaydt
    • Sanskrit: अच्छेदि (ácchedi), छेदि (chédi), (later) अच्छिदत् (acchidat), अच्छैत्सीत् (acchaitsīt); छेद्म (chedma, 1.pl.inj)

skinédti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *skeyd- (“to split, divide”) +‎ *-né- (nasal infix).

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)

1. to be cutting off

Inflection

Imperfective, athematic
3rd singular	*skinédti
3rd plural	*skindénti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*skinédmi	*skinédm̥	—	*skinédoh₂	*skindyéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*skinédsi	*skinéds	*skinéd, *skinddʰí	*skinédesi	*skindyéh₁s
3rd singular	*skinédti	*skinédt	*skinédtu	*skinédeti	*skindyéh₁t
1st dual	*skindwós	*skindwé	—	*skinédowos	*skindih₁wé
2nd dual	*skindtés	*skindtóm	*skindtóm	*skinédetes	*skindih₁tóm
3rd dual	*skindtés	*skindtā́m	*skindtā́m	*skinédetes	*skindih₁tā́m
1st plural	*skindmós	*skindmé	—	*skinédomos	*skindih₁mé
2nd plural	*skindté	*skindté	*skindté	*skinédete	*skindih₁té
3rd plural	*skindénti	*skindént	*skindéntu	*skinédonti	*skindih₁ént
Participle	*skindónts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*skindh₂ér	*skindh₂é	—	*skinédoh₂er	*skindih₁h₂é
2nd singular	*skindth₂ér	*skindth₂é	*skindsó	*skinédeth₂er	*skindih₁th₂é
3rd singular	*skindtór, *skindór	*skindtó, *skindó	*?	*skinédetor	*skindih₁tó, *skindih₁ó
1st dual	*skindwósdʰh₂	*skindwédʰh₂	—	*skinédowosdʰh₂	*skindih₁wédʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*skindmósdʰh₂	*skindmédʰh₂	—	*skinédomosdʰh₂	*skindih₁médʰh₂
2nd plural	*skinddʰh₂wé	*skinddʰh₂wé	*skinddʰh₂wé	*skinédedʰh₂we	*skindih₁dʰh₂wé
3rd plural	*skindrór, *skindn̥tór	*skindró, *skindn̥tó	*?	*skinédoror, *skinédontor	*skindih₁ró, *skindih₁n̥tó
Participle	*skindm̥h₁nós

Descendants

• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *śćinátˢti (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *skindō
  • Latin: scindō (see there for further descendants)

sodéyeti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *sed- (“to sit”) +‎ *-éyeti (causative verbal suffix).

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)

1. to set, to seat, to cause to sit

Inflection

Imperfective, thematic
3rd singular	*sodéyeti
3rd plural	*sodéyonti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*sodéyoh₂	*sodéyom	—	*sodéyōh₂	*sodéyoyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*sodéyesi	*sodéyes	*sodéye	*sodéyēsi	*sodéyoys
3rd singular	*sodéyeti	*sodéyet	*sodéyetu	*sodéyēti	*sodéyoyt
1st dual	*sodéyowos	*sodéyowe	—	*sodéyōwos	*sodéyoywe
2nd dual	*sodéyetes	*sodéyetom	*sodéyetom	*sodéyētes	*sodéyoytom
3rd dual	*sodéyetes	*sodéyetām	*sodéyetām	*sodéyētes	*sodéyoytām
1st plural	*sodéyomos	*sodéyome	—	*sodéyōmos	*sodéyoyme
2nd plural	*sodéyete	*sodéyete	*sodéyete	*sodéyēte	*sodéyoyte
3rd plural	*sodéyonti	*sodéyont	*sodéyontu	*sodéyōnti	*sodéyoyh₁n̥t
Participle	*sodéyonts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*sodéyoh₂er	*sodéyoh₂e	—	*sodéyōh₂er	*sodéyoyh₂e
2nd singular	*sodéyeth₂er	*sodéyeth₂e	*sodéyeso	*sodéyēth₂er	*sodéyoyth₂e
3rd singular	*sodéyetor	*sodéyeto	*?	*sodéyētor	*sodéyoyto, *sodéyoyh₁o
1st dual	*sodéyowosdʰh₂	*sodéyowedʰh₂	—	*sodéyōwosdʰh₂	*sodéyoywedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*sodéyomosdʰh₂	*sodéyomedʰh₂	—	*sodéyōmosdʰh₂	*sodéyoymedʰh₂
2nd plural	*sodéyedʰh₂we	*sodéyedʰh₂we	*sodéyedʰh₂we	*sodéyēdʰh₂we	*sodéyoydʰh₂we
3rd plural	*sodéyoror, *sodéyontor	*sodéyoro, *sodéyonto	*?	*sodéyōror, *sodéyōntor	*sodéyoyro, *sodéyoyh₁n̥to
Participle	*sodéyomnos

Descendants

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sōdī́ˀtei (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Celtic: *sodīti
  • Old Irish: ad·suidi
• Proto-Germanic: *satjaną (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sādáyati
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sādáyati
    • Sanskrit: सादयति (sādáyati)
  • Proto-Iranian: *hādáyati
    • Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬱𐬁𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (nišāδaiieⁱti)
    • Old Persian: 𐎴𐎡𐎹𐏁𐎠𐎭𐎹𐎶 (n-i-y-š-a-d-y-m /⁠niyašādayam⁠/, 3sg.imperf.ind.)

spéḱyeti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *speḱ- (“to see, to look, to observe”) +‎ *-yeti.

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)

1. to be looking at, to keep looking at

Inflection

Imperfective, thematic
3rd singular	*spéḱyeti
3rd plural	*spéḱyonti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*spéḱyoh₂	*spéḱyom	—	*spéḱyōh₂	*spéḱyoyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*spéḱyesi	*spéḱyes	*spéḱye	*spéḱyēsi	*spéḱyoys
3rd singular	*spéḱyeti	*spéḱyet	*spéḱyetu	*spéḱyēti	*spéḱyoyt
1st dual	*spéḱyowos	*spéḱyowe	—	*spéḱyōwos	*spéḱyoywe
2nd dual	*spéḱyetes	*spéḱyetom	*spéḱyetom	*spéḱyētes	*spéḱyoytom
3rd dual	*spéḱyetes	*spéḱyetām	*spéḱyetām	*spéḱyētes	*spéḱyoytām
1st plural	*spéḱyomos	*spéḱyome	—	*spéḱyōmos	*spéḱyoyme
2nd plural	*spéḱyete	*spéḱyete	*spéḱyete	*spéḱyēte	*spéḱyoyte
3rd plural	*spéḱyonti	*spéḱyont	*spéḱyontu	*spéḱyōnti	*spéḱyoyh₁n̥t
Participle	*spéḱyonts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*spéḱyoh₂er	*spéḱyoh₂e	—	*spéḱyōh₂er	*spéḱyoyh₂e
2nd singular	*spéḱyeth₂er	*spéḱyeth₂e	*spéḱyeso	*spéḱyēth₂er	*spéḱyoyth₂e
3rd singular	*spéḱyetor	*spéḱyeto	*?	*spéḱyētor	*spéḱyoyto, *spéḱyoyh₁o
1st dual	*spéḱyowosdʰh₂	*spéḱyowedʰh₂	—	*spéḱyōwosdʰh₂	*spéḱyoywedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*spéḱyomosdʰh₂	*spéḱyomedʰh₂	—	*spéḱyōmosdʰh₂	*spéḱyoymedʰh₂
2nd plural	*spéḱyedʰh₂we	*spéḱyedʰh₂we	*spéḱyedʰh₂we	*spéḱyēdʰh₂we	*spéḱyoydʰh₂we
3rd plural	*spéḱyoror, *spéḱyontor	*spéḱyoro, *spéḱyonto	*?	*spéḱyōror, *spéḱyōntor	*spéḱyoyro, *spéḱyoyh₁n̥to
Participle	*spéḱyomnos

Descendants

• Proto-Hellenic: *sképťomai (with metathesis)
  • Ancient Greek: σκέπτομαι (sképtomai)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spáćyati
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *(s)páśyati
    • Sanskrit: पश्यति (páśyati) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Iranian: *spácyati
    • Old Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬯𐬌𐬌𐬁 (spasiiā)

      Younger Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬯𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (spasiieⁱti)

• Proto-Italic: *spekjō
  • Latin: speciō

stéh₂t

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Athematic root aorist of *steh₂- (“to stand up”).

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (perfective)

1. to stand up

Inflection

Perfective, athematic, active only
3rd singular	*stéh₂t
3rd plural	*sth₂ént
Active voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*stā́m	—	*stéh₂oh₂	*sth₂yéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*stéh₂s	*stéh₂, *sth₂dʰí	*stéh₂esi	*sth₂yéh₁s
3rd singular	*stéh₂t	*stéh₂tu	*stéh₂eti	*sth₂yéh₁t
1st dual	*sth₂wé	—	*stéh₂owos	*sth₂ih₁wé
2nd dual	*sth₂tóm	*sth₂tóm	*stéh₂etes	*sth₂ih₁tóm
3rd dual	*sth₂tā́m	*sth₂tā́m	*stéh₂etes	*sth₂ih₁tā́m
1st plural	*sth₂mé	—	*stéh₂omos	*sth₂ih₁mé
2nd plural	*sth₂té	*sth₂té	*stéh₂ete	*sth₂ih₁té
3rd plural	*sth₂ént	*sth₂éntu	*stéh₂onti	*sth₂ih₁ént
Participle	*sth₂ónts

Descendants

• Proto-Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: ἔστην (éstēn)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HástaHt
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HástaHt
    • Sanskrit: अस्थात् (ásthāt)

stestóh₂e

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Reduplicated stative of the root *steh₂- (“to stand”).

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (stative)

1. to be standing

Inflection

Stative
3rd singular	*stestóh₂e
3rd plural	*stesth₂ḗr
Active voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*stestóh₂h₂e	—	*stestéh₂oh₂	*stesth₂yéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*stestóh₂th₂e	*stestóh₂, *stesth₂dʰí	*stestéh₂esi	*stesth₂yéh₁s
3rd singular	*stestóh₂e	*stestóh₂tu	*stestéh₂eti	*stesth₂yéh₁t
1st dual	*stesth₂wé	—	*stestéh₂owos	*stesth₂ih₁wé
2nd dual	*?	*stesth₂tóm	*stestéh₂etes	*stesth₂ih₁tóm
3rd dual	*?	*stesth₂tā́m	*stestéh₂etes	*stesth₂ih₁tā́m
1st plural	*stesth₂mé	—	*stestéh₂omos	*stesth₂ih₁mé
2nd plural	*stesth₂é	*stesth₂té	*stestéh₂ete	*stesth₂ih₁té
3rd plural	*stesth₂ḗr	*stesth₂éntu	*stestéh₂onti	*stesth₂ih₁ént
Participle	*stesth₂wṓs

Descendants

• Proto-Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: ἕστηκᾰ (héstēka)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stastā́Ha
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stastā́Ha
    • Sanskrit: तस्थौ (tastháu)
• Proto-Italic: *stetai
  • Latin: stetī

stéygʰeti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Thematic root present of *steygʰ- (“to go; to climb”).

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)

1. to be walking
2. to be climbing

Inflection

Imperfective, thematic, active only
3rd singular	*stéygʰeti
3rd plural	*stéygʰonti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*stéygʰoh₂	*stéygʰom	—	*stéygʰōh₂	*stéygʰoyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*stéygʰesi	*stéygʰes	*stéygʰe	*stéygʰēsi	*stéygʰoys
3rd singular	*stéygʰeti	*stéygʰet	*stéygʰetu	*stéygʰēti	*stéygʰoyt
1st dual	*stéygʰowos	*stéygʰowe	—	*stéygʰōwos	*stéygʰoywe
2nd dual	*stéygʰetes	*stéygʰetom	*stéygʰetom	*stéygʰētes	*stéygʰoytom
3rd dual	*stéygʰetes	*stéygʰetām	*stéygʰetām	*stéygʰētes	*stéygʰoytām
1st plural	*stéygʰomos	*stéygʰome	—	*stéygʰōmos	*stéygʰoyme
2nd plural	*stéygʰete	*stéygʰete	*stéygʰete	*stéygʰēte	*stéygʰoyte
3rd plural	*stéygʰonti	*stéygʰont	*stéygʰontu	*stéygʰōnti	*stéygʰoyh₁n̥t
Participle	*stéygʰonts

Descendants

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stéigtei (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Celtic: *tēgeti (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *stīganą (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *stéikʰō (see there for further descendants)

stísteh₂ti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Athematic i-reduplicated root of *steh₂- (“to stand up”).

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)

1. to be standing up, to be getting up

Inflection

Imperfective, athematic, active only
3rd singular	*stísteh₂ti
3rd plural	*stísth₂n̥ti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*stísteh₂mi	*stístām	—	*stísteh₂oh₂	*stísth₂yeh₁m̥
2nd singular	*stísteh₂si	*stísteh₂s	*stísteh₂, *stísth₂dʰi	*stísteh₂esi	*stísth₂yeh₁s
3rd singular	*stísteh₂ti	*stísteh₂t	*stísteh₂tu	*stísteh₂eti	*stísth₂yeh₁t
1st dual	*stísth₂wos	*stísth₂we	—	*stísteh₂owos	*stísth₂ih₁we
2nd dual	*stísth₂tes	*stísth₂tom	*stísth₂tom	*stísteh₂etes	*stísth₂ih₁tom
3rd dual	*stísth₂tes	*stísth₂tām	*stísth₂tām	*stísteh₂etes	*stísth₂ih₁tām
1st plural	*stísth₂mos	*stísth₂me	—	*stísteh₂omos	*stísth₂ih₁me
2nd plural	*stísth₂te	*stísth₂te	*stísth₂te	*stísteh₂ete	*stísth₂ih₁te
3rd plural	*stísth₂n̥ti	*stísth₂n̥t	*stísth₂n̥tu	*stísteh₂onti	*stísth₂ih₁n̥t
Participle	*stísth₂n̥ts

Descendants

• Proto-Celtic: *sistati (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *hístāmi
  • Ancient Greek: ἵστημι (hístēmi), ἵστᾱμαι (hístāmai)

    Doric Greek: ἵστᾱμι (hístāmi)

• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stíštaHti
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *(s)tíṣṭaHti
    • Sanskrit: तिष्ठति (tíṣṭhati)
  • Proto-Iranian: *híštaHti
    • Avestan: 𐬵𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (hištaⁱti, med.3.sg), 𐬵𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬌 (hištəṇti, med.3.pl)
    • Old Persian: 𐎠𐎡𐏁𐎫𐎫 (aištatā-) (< *a-hišta-)
      • Persian: ایستادن (istâdan)
• Proto-Italic: *sistō (see there for further descendants)
  • Latin: sistō (see there for further descendants)

stnéh₂ti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *steh₂- (“to stand”) +‎ *-né- (nasal infix).

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)

1. to place, to stand

Inflection

Imperfective, athematic
3rd singular	*stnéh₂ti
3rd plural	*stn̥h₂énti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*stnéh₂mi	*stnā́m	—	*stnéh₂oh₂	*stn̥h₂yéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*stnéh₂si	*stnéh₂s	*stnéh₂, *stn̥h₂dʰí	*stnéh₂esi	*stn̥h₂yéh₁s
3rd singular	*stnéh₂ti	*stnéh₂t	*stnéh₂tu	*stnéh₂eti	*stn̥h₂yéh₁t
1st dual	*stn̥h₂wós	*stn̥h₂wé	—	*stnéh₂owos	*stn̥h₂ih₁wé
2nd dual	*stn̥h₂tés	*stn̥h₂tóm	*stn̥h₂tóm	*stnéh₂etes	*stn̥h₂ih₁tóm
3rd dual	*stn̥h₂tés	*stn̥h₂tā́m	*stn̥h₂tā́m	*stnéh₂etes	*stn̥h₂ih₁tā́m
1st plural	*stn̥h₂mós	*stn̥h₂mé	—	*stnéh₂omos	*stn̥h₂ih₁mé
2nd plural	*stn̥h₂té	*stn̥h₂té	*stn̥h₂té	*stnéh₂ete	*stn̥h₂ih₁té
3rd plural	*stn̥h₂énti	*stn̥h₂ént	*stn̥h₂éntu	*stnéh₂onti	*stn̥h₂ih₁ént
Participle	*stn̥h₂ónts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*stn̥h₂h₂ér	*stn̥h₂h₂é	—	*stnéh₂oh₂er	*stn̥h₂ih₁h₂é
2nd singular	*stn̥h₂th₂ér	*stn̥h₂th₂é	*stn̥h₂só	*stnéh₂eth₂er	*stn̥h₂ih₁th₂é
3rd singular	*stn̥h₂tór, *stn̥h₂ór	*stn̥h₂tó, *stn̥h₂ó	*?	*stnéh₂etor	*stn̥h₂ih₁tó, *stn̥h₂ih₁ó
1st dual	*stn̥h₂wósdʰh₂	*stn̥h₂wédʰh₂	—	*stnéh₂owosdʰh₂	*stn̥h₂ih₁wédʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*stn̥h₂mósdʰh₂	*stn̥h₂médʰh₂	—	*stnéh₂omosdʰh₂	*stn̥h₂ih₁médʰh₂
2nd plural	*stn̥h₂dʰh₂wé	*stn̥h₂dʰh₂wé	*stn̥h₂dʰh₂wé	*stnéh₂edʰh₂we	*stn̥h₂ih₁dʰh₂wé
3rd plural	*stn̥h₂rór, *stn̥h₂n̥tór	*stn̥h₂ró, *stn̥h₂n̥tó	*?	*stnéh₂oror, *stnéh₂ontor	*stn̥h₂ih₁ró, *stn̥h₂ih₁n̥tó
Participle	*stn̥h₂m̥h₁nós

Descendants

• Proto-Albanian: *stan-
  • Albanian: shtãj
• Anatolian:
  • Hittite: [script needed] (istanh-^mi)
• Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: ստանամ (stanam)
    • Armenian: ստանալ (stanal)
• Balto-Slavic:
  • Proto-Slavic: *stati (present *stan-)
• Hellenic:
  • Cretan Greek: στανύω (stanúō)
• Proto-Italic: *stanō
  • Latin: dē-stinō, ob-stinō

télh₂t

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Athematic root aorist of *telh₂- (“to bear”).

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (perfective)

1. to lift

Inflection

Perfective, athematic
3rd singular	*télh₂t
3rd plural	*tl̥h₂ént
Active voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*télh₂m̥	—	*télh₂oh₂	*tl̥h₂yéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*télh₂s	*tḗl, *tl̥h₂dʰí	*télh₂esi	*tl̥h₂yéh₁s
3rd singular	*télh₂t	*télh₂tu	*télh₂eti	*tl̥h₂yéh₁t
1st dual	*tl̥h₂wé	—	*télh₂owos	*tl̥h₂ih₁wé
2nd dual	*tl̥h₂tóm	*tl̥h₂tóm	*télh₂etes	*tl̥h₂ih₁tóm
3rd dual	*tl̥h₂tā́m	*tl̥h₂tā́m	*télh₂etes	*tl̥h₂ih₁tā́m
1st plural	*tl̥h₂mé	—	*télh₂omos	*tl̥h₂ih₁mé
2nd plural	*tl̥h₂té	*tl̥h₂té	*télh₂ete	*tl̥h₂ih₁té
3rd plural	*tl̥h₂ént	*tl̥h₂éntu	*télh₂onti	*tl̥h₂ih₁ént
Participle	*tl̥h₂ónts
Middle voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*tl̥h₂h₂é	—	*télh₂oh₂er	*tl̥h₂ih₁h₂é
2nd singular	*tl̥h₂th₂é	*tl̥h₂só	*télh₂eth₂er	*tl̥h₂ih₁th₂é
3rd singular	*tl̥h₂tó, *tl̥h₂ó	*?	*télh₂etor	*tl̥h₂ih₁tó, *tl̥h₂ih₁ó
1st dual	*tl̥h₂wédʰh₂	—	*télh₂owosdʰh₂	*tl̥h₂ih₁wédʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*tl̥h₂médʰh₂	—	*télh₂omosdʰh₂	*tl̥h₂ih₁médʰh₂
2nd plural	*tl̥h₂dʰh₂wé	*tl̥h₂dʰh₂wé	*télh₂edʰh₂we	*tl̥h₂ih₁dʰh₂wé
3rd plural	*tl̥h₂ró, *tl̥h₂n̥tó	*?	*télh₂oror, *télh₂ontor	*tl̥h₂ih₁ró, *tl̥h₂ih₁n̥tó
Participle	*tl̥h₂m̥h₁nós

Descendants

• Proto-Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: ἔτλην (étlēn)

tetólh₂e

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Reduplicated stative of the root *telh₂- (“to bear”).

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (stative)

1. to be holding up

Inflection

Stative
3rd singular	*tetólh₂e
3rd plural	*tetl̥h₂ḗr
Active voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*tetólh₂e	—	*tetélh₂oh₂	*tetl̥h₂yéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*tetólth₂e	*tetṓl, *tetl̥h₂dʰí	*tetélh₂esi	*tetl̥h₂yéh₁s
3rd singular	*tetólh₂e	*tetóltu	*tetélh₂eti	*tetl̥h₂yéh₁t
1st dual	*tetl̥h₂wé	—	*tetélh₂owos	*tetl̥h₂ih₁wé
2nd dual	*?	*tetl̥h₂tóm	*tetélh₂etes	*tetl̥h₂ih₁tóm
3rd dual	*?	*tetl̥h₂tā́m	*tetélh₂etes	*tetl̥h₂ih₁tā́m
1st plural	*tetl̥h₂mé	—	*tetélh₂omos	*tetl̥h₂ih₁mé
2nd plural	*tetl̥h₂é	*tetl̥h₂té	*tetélh₂ete	*tetl̥h₂ih₁té
3rd plural	*tetl̥h₂ḗr	*tetl̥h₂éntu	*tetélh₂onti	*tetl̥h₂ih₁ént
Participle	*tetl̥h₂wṓs

Descendants

• Proto-Italic: *tetolai
  • Latin: tetulī, tulī (now suppletive conjugations of the unrelated ferō (“to bear, carry”))

tetórpe

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Reduplicated stative of the root *terp- (“to satisfy”).

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (stative)

1. to be satisfied

Inflection

Stative
3rd singular	*tetórpe
3rd plural	*tetr̥pḗr
Active voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*tetórph₂e	—	*tetérpoh₂	*tetr̥pyéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*tetórpth₂e	*tetórp, *tetr̥pdʰí	*tetérpesi	*tetr̥pyéh₁s
3rd singular	*tetórpe	*tetórptu	*tetérpeti	*tetr̥pyéh₁t
1st dual	*tetr̥pwé	—	*tetérpowos	*tetr̥pih₁wé
2nd dual	*?	*tetr̥ptóm	*tetérpetes	*tetr̥pih₁tóm
3rd dual	*?	*tetr̥ptā́m	*tetérpetes	*tetr̥pih₁tā́m
1st plural	*tetr̥pmé	—	*tetérpomos	*tetr̥pih₁mé
2nd plural	*tetr̥pé	*tetr̥pté	*tetérpete	*tetr̥pih₁té
3rd plural	*tetr̥pḗr	*tetr̥péntu	*tetérponti	*tetr̥pih₁ént
Participle	*tetr̥pwṓs

Descendants

• Proto-Germanic: *þurbaną (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tātárpa
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tātárpa
    • Sanskrit: तातृपुर् (tātṛpúr)

tl̥néh₂ti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *telh₂- (“to bear”) +‎ *-né- (nasal infix).

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)

1. to be lifting

Inflection

Imperfective, athematic
3rd singular	*tl̥néh₂ti
3rd plural	*tl̥nh₂énti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*tl̥néh₂mi	*tl̥nā́m	—	*tl̥néh₂oh₂	*tl̥nh₂yéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*tl̥néh₂si	*tl̥néh₂s	*tl̥néh₂, *tl̥nh₂dʰí	*tl̥néh₂esi	*tl̥nh₂yéh₁s
3rd singular	*tl̥néh₂ti	*tl̥néh₂t	*tl̥néh₂tu	*tl̥néh₂eti	*tl̥nh₂yéh₁t
1st dual	*tl̥nh₂wós	*tl̥nh₂wé	—	*tl̥néh₂owos	*tl̥nh₂ih₁wé
2nd dual	*tl̥nh₂tés	*tl̥nh₂tóm	*tl̥nh₂tóm	*tl̥néh₂etes	*tl̥nh₂ih₁tóm
3rd dual	*tl̥nh₂tés	*tl̥nh₂tā́m	*tl̥nh₂tā́m	*tl̥néh₂etes	*tl̥nh₂ih₁tā́m
1st plural	*tl̥nh₂mós	*tl̥nh₂mé	—	*tl̥néh₂omos	*tl̥nh₂ih₁mé
2nd plural	*tl̥nh₂té	*tl̥nh₂té	*tl̥nh₂té	*tl̥néh₂ete	*tl̥nh₂ih₁té
3rd plural	*tl̥nh₂énti	*tl̥nh₂ént	*tl̥nh₂éntu	*tl̥néh₂onti	*tl̥nh₂ih₁ént
Participle	*tl̥nh₂ónts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*tl̥nh₂h₂ér	*tl̥nh₂h₂é	—	*tl̥néh₂oh₂er	*tl̥nh₂ih₁h₂é
2nd singular	*tl̥nh₂th₂ér	*tl̥nh₂th₂é	*tl̥nh₂só	*tl̥néh₂eth₂er	*tl̥nh₂ih₁th₂é
3rd singular	*tl̥nh₂tór, *tl̥nh₂ór	*tl̥nh₂tó, *tl̥nh₂ó	*?	*tl̥néh₂etor	*tl̥nh₂ih₁tó, *tl̥nh₂ih₁ó
1st dual	*tl̥nh₂wósdʰh₂	*tl̥nh₂wédʰh₂	—	*tl̥néh₂owosdʰh₂	*tl̥nh₂ih₁wédʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*tl̥nh₂mósdʰh₂	*tl̥nh₂médʰh₂	—	*tl̥néh₂omosdʰh₂	*tl̥nh₂ih₁médʰh₂
2nd plural	*tl̥nh₂dʰh₂wé	*tl̥nh₂dʰh₂wé	*tl̥nh₂dʰh₂wé	*tl̥néh₂edʰh₂we	*tl̥nh₂ih₁dʰh₂wé
3rd plural	*tl̥nh₂rór, *tl̥nh₂n̥tór	*tl̥nh₂ró, *tl̥nh₂n̥tó	*?	*tl̥néh₂oror, *tl̥néh₂ontor	*tl̥nh₂ih₁ró, *tl̥nh₂ih₁n̥tó
Participle	*tl̥nh₂m̥h₁nós

Descendants

• Proto-Celtic: *tlinati
  • Old Irish: tlenaid
• Proto-Italic: *tolnō
  • Latin: tollō (see there for further descendants)

tn̥néwti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *ten- (“to stretch, extend”) +‎ *-néwti.

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)

1. to be stretching

Inflection

Imperfective, athematic
3rd singular	*tn̥néwti
3rd plural	*tnn̥wénti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*tn̥néwmi	*tn̥nḗm	—	*tn̥néwoh₂	*tn̥nuyéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*tn̥néwsi	*tn̥néws	*tn̥néw, *tn̥nudʰí	*tn̥néwesi	*tn̥nuyéh₁s
3rd singular	*tn̥néwti	*tn̥néwt	*tn̥néwtu	*tn̥néweti	*tn̥nuyéh₁t
1st dual	*tn̥nuwós	*tn̥nuwé	—	*tn̥néwowos	*tnn̥wih₁wé
2nd dual	*tn̥nutés	*tn̥nutóm	*tn̥nutóm	*tn̥néwetes	*tnn̥wih₁tóm
3rd dual	*tn̥nutés	*tn̥nutā́m	*tn̥nutā́m	*tn̥néwetes	*tnn̥wih₁tā́m
1st plural	*tn̥numós	*tn̥numé	—	*tn̥néwomos	*tnn̥wih₁mé
2nd plural	*tn̥nuté	*tn̥nuté	*tn̥nuté	*tn̥néwete	*tnn̥wih₁té
3rd plural	*tnn̥wénti	*tnn̥wént	*tnn̥wéntu	*tn̥néwonti	*tnn̥wih₁ént
Participle	*tnn̥wónts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*tn̥nuh₂ér	*tn̥nuh₂é	—	*tn̥néwoh₂er	*tnn̥wih₁h₂é
2nd singular	*tn̥nuth₂ér	*tn̥nuth₂é	*tn̥nusó	*tn̥néweth₂er	*tnn̥wih₁th₂é
3rd singular	*tn̥nutór, *tnn̥wór	*tn̥nutó, *tnn̥wó	*?	*tn̥néwetor	*tnn̥wih₁tó, *tnn̥wih₁ó
1st dual	*tn̥nuwósdʰh₂	*tn̥nuwédʰh₂	—	*tn̥néwowosdʰh₂	*tnn̥wih₁wédʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*tn̥numósdʰh₂	*tn̥numédʰh₂	—	*tn̥néwomosdʰh₂	*tnn̥wih₁médʰh₂
2nd plural	*tn̥nudʰh₂wé	*tn̥nudʰh₂wé	*tn̥nudʰh₂wé	*tn̥néwedʰh₂we	*tnn̥wih₁dʰh₂wé
3rd plural	*tn̥nurór, *tnn̥wn̥tór	*tn̥nuró, *tnn̥wn̥tó	*?	*tn̥néworor, *tn̥néwontor	*tnn̥wih₁ró, *tnn̥wih₁n̥tó
Participle	*tnn̥wm̥h₁nós

Descendants

• Proto-Celtic: *tan-nu-
  • Cornish: tan
  • Middle Welsh: tannu
• Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: τάνυται (tánutai), τανύω (tanúō) (through later thematicization)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tanáwti
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tanáwti
    • Sanskrit: तनोति (tanóti)
  • Proto-Iranian: *tanáwti
    • Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬥𐬎𐬌𐬌𐬀 (tanuiia)

tonéyeti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *ten- (“to stretch, extend”) +‎ *-éyeti (causative verbal suffix).

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)

1. to extend

Inflection

Imperfective, thematic
3rd singular	*tonéyeti
3rd plural	*tonéyonti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*tonéyoh₂	*tonéyom	—	*tonéyōh₂	*tonéyoyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*tonéyesi	*tonéyes	*tonéye	*tonéyēsi	*tonéyoys
3rd singular	*tonéyeti	*tonéyet	*tonéyetu	*tonéyēti	*tonéyoyt
1st dual	*tonéyowos	*tonéyowe	—	*tonéyōwos	*tonéyoywe
2nd dual	*tonéyetes	*tonéyetom	*tonéyetom	*tonéyētes	*tonéyoytom
3rd dual	*tonéyetes	*tonéyetām	*tonéyetām	*tonéyētes	*tonéyoytām
1st plural	*tonéyomos	*tonéyome	—	*tonéyōmos	*tonéyoyme
2nd plural	*tonéyete	*tonéyete	*tonéyete	*tonéyēte	*tonéyoyte
3rd plural	*tonéyonti	*tonéyont	*tonéyontu	*tonéyōnti	*tonéyoyh₁n̥t
Participle	*tonéyonts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*tonéyoh₂er	*tonéyoh₂e	—	*tonéyōh₂er	*tonéyoyh₂e
2nd singular	*tonéyeth₂er	*tonéyeth₂e	*tonéyeso	*tonéyēth₂er	*tonéyoyth₂e
3rd singular	*tonéyetor	*tonéyeto	*?	*tonéyētor	*tonéyoyto, *tonéyoyh₁o
1st dual	*tonéyowosdʰh₂	*tonéyowedʰh₂	—	*tonéyōwosdʰh₂	*tonéyoywedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*tonéyomosdʰh₂	*tonéyomedʰh₂	—	*tonéyōmosdʰh₂	*tonéyoymedʰh₂
2nd plural	*tonéyedʰh₂we	*tonéyedʰh₂we	*tonéyedʰh₂we	*tonéyēdʰh₂we	*tonéyoydʰh₂we
3rd plural	*tonéyoror, *tonéyontor	*tonéyoro, *tonéyonto	*?	*tonéyōror, *tonéyōntor	*tonéyoyro, *tonéyoyh₁n̥to
Participle	*tonéyomnos

Descendants

• Proto-Germanic: *þanjaną (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tānáyati
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tānáyati
    • Sanskrit: तानयति (tānáyati)
  • Proto-Iranian: *tānáyati
    • Ossetian:

      Digor: тонун (tonun)

      Iron: то́нын (tónyn)

    • Wakhi: tыnak

wéǵʰeti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Thematic root present of *weǵʰ- (“to transport”).

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)

1. to be transporting

Inflection

Imperfective, thematic
3rd singular	*wéǵʰeti
3rd plural	*wéǵʰonti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*wéǵʰoh₂	*wéǵʰom	—	*wéǵʰōh₂	*wéǵʰoyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*wéǵʰesi	*wéǵʰes	*wéǵʰe	*wéǵʰēsi	*wéǵʰoys
3rd singular	*wéǵʰeti	*wéǵʰet	*wéǵʰetu	*wéǵʰēti	*wéǵʰoyt
1st dual	*wéǵʰowos	*wéǵʰowe	—	*wéǵʰōwos	*wéǵʰoywe
2nd dual	*wéǵʰetes	*wéǵʰetom	*wéǵʰetom	*wéǵʰētes	*wéǵʰoytom
3rd dual	*wéǵʰetes	*wéǵʰetām	*wéǵʰetām	*wéǵʰētes	*wéǵʰoytām
1st plural	*wéǵʰomos	*wéǵʰome	—	*wéǵʰōmos	*wéǵʰoyme
2nd plural	*wéǵʰete	*wéǵʰete	*wéǵʰete	*wéǵʰēte	*wéǵʰoyte
3rd plural	*wéǵʰonti	*wéǵʰont	*wéǵʰontu	*wéǵʰōnti	*wéǵʰoyh₁n̥t
Participle	*wéǵʰonts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*wéǵʰoh₂er	*wéǵʰoh₂e	—	*wéǵʰōh₂er	*wéǵʰoyh₂e
2nd singular	*wéǵʰeth₂er	*wéǵʰeth₂e	*wéǵʰeso	*wéǵʰēth₂er	*wéǵʰoyth₂e
3rd singular	*wéǵʰetor	*wéǵʰeto	*?	*wéǵʰētor	*wéǵʰoyto, *wéǵʰoyh₁o
1st dual	*wéǵʰowosdʰh₂	*wéǵʰowedʰh₂	—	*wéǵʰōwosdʰh₂	*wéǵʰoywedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*wéǵʰomosdʰh₂	*wéǵʰomedʰh₂	—	*wéǵʰōmosdʰh₂	*wéǵʰoymedʰh₂
2nd plural	*wéǵʰedʰh₂we	*wéǵʰedʰh₂we	*wéǵʰedʰh₂we	*wéǵʰēdʰh₂we	*wéǵʰoydʰh₂we
3rd plural	*wéǵʰoror, *wéǵʰontor	*wéǵʰoro, *wéǵʰonto	*?	*wéǵʰōror, *wéǵʰōntor	*wéǵʰoyro, *wéǵʰoyh₁n̥to
Participle	*wéǵʰomnos

Descendants

• Proto-Albanian: *wedza
  • Albanian: vjedh
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *weźtei (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *weganą (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *wékʰō (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáȷ́ʰati (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *weɣō (see there for further descendants)

wḗǵʰst

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *weǵʰ- (“to transport”) +‎ *-st (perfective verbal suffix).

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (perfective)

1. to transport

Inflection

Perfective, athematic
3rd singular	*wḗǵʰst
3rd plural	*wéǵʰsn̥t
Active voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*wḗǵʰsm̥	—	*wḗǵʰsoh₂	*wéǵʰsyeh₁m̥
2nd singular	*wḗǵʰs	*wḗǵʰs, *wéǵʰsdʰi	*wḗǵʰsesi	*wéǵʰsyeh₁s
3rd singular	*wḗǵʰst	*wḗǵʰstu	*wḗǵʰseti	*wéǵʰsyeh₁t
1st dual	*wéǵʰswe	—	*wḗǵʰsowos	*wéǵʰsih₁we
2nd dual	*wéǵʰstom	*wéǵʰstom	*wḗǵʰsetes	*wéǵʰsih₁tom
3rd dual	*wéǵʰstām	*wéǵʰstām	*wḗǵʰsetes	*wéǵʰsih₁tām
1st plural	*wéǵʰsme	—	*wḗǵʰsomos	*wéǵʰsih₁me
2nd plural	*wéǵʰste	*wéǵʰste	*wḗǵʰsete	*wéǵʰsih₁te
3rd plural	*wéǵʰsn̥t	*wéǵʰsn̥tu	*wḗǵʰsonti	*wéǵʰsih₁n̥t
Participle	*wéǵʰsn̥ts
Middle voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*wéǵʰsh₂e	—	*wḗǵʰsoh₂er	*wéǵʰsih₁h₂e
2nd singular	*wéǵʰsth₂e	*wéǵʰso	*wḗǵʰseth₂er	*wéǵʰsih₁th₂e
3rd singular	*wéǵʰsto, *wéǵʰso	*?	*wḗǵʰsetor	*wéǵʰsih₁to, *wéǵʰsih₁o
1st dual	*wéǵʰswedʰh₂	—	*wḗǵʰsowosdʰh₂	*wéǵʰsih₁wedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*wéǵʰsmedʰh₂	—	*wḗǵʰsomosdʰh₂	*wéǵʰsih₁medʰh₂
2nd plural	*wéǵʰsdʰh₂we	*wéǵʰsdʰh₂we	*wḗǵʰsedʰh₂we	*wéǵʰsih₁dʰh₂we
3rd plural	*wéǵʰsro, *wéǵʰsn̥to	*?	*wḗǵʰsoror, *wḗǵʰsontor	*wéǵʰsih₁ro, *wéǵʰsih₁n̥to
Participle	*wéǵʰsm̥h₁nos

Descendants

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *weźtei (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *éwekse
  • Ancient Greek: ἔϝεξε (éwexe) (Arcadocypriot)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háwāȷ́žʰat
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háwāḍẓʰat
    • Sanskrit: अवाक्षम् (ávākṣam)
• Proto-Italic: *wēksai
  • Latin: vē̆xī

wértti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Athematic root present of *wert- (“to turn, rotate”).

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)

1. to be turning around

Inflection

Imperfective, athematic, active only
3rd singular	*wértti
3rd plural	*wr̥ténti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*wértmi	*wértm̥	—	*wértoh₂	*wr̥tyéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*wértsi	*wérts	*wért, *wr̥tdʰí	*wértesi	*wr̥tyéh₁s
3rd singular	*wértti	*wértt	*wérttu	*wérteti	*wr̥tyéh₁t
1st dual	*wr̥twós	*wr̥twé	—	*wértowos	*wr̥tih₁wé
2nd dual	*wr̥ttés	*wr̥ttóm	*wr̥ttóm	*wértetes	*wr̥tih₁tóm
3rd dual	*wr̥ttés	*wr̥ttā́m	*wr̥ttā́m	*wértetes	*wr̥tih₁tā́m
1st plural	*wr̥tmós	*wr̥tmé	—	*wértomos	*wr̥tih₁mé
2nd plural	*wr̥tté	*wr̥tté	*wr̥tté	*wértete	*wr̥tih₁té
3rd plural	*wr̥ténti	*wr̥tént	*wr̥téntu	*wértonti	*wr̥tih₁ént
Participle	*wr̥tónts

Descendants

• Proto-Germanic: *werþaną (“to happen, to become”) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wártˢti
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wártti
    • Sanskrit: वर्त्ति (vártti)
• Proto-Italic: *wertō
  • Latin: vertō (see there for further descendants)

wéryeti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *werh₁- (“to speak, say”) +‎ *-yeti, with regular deletion of the laryngeal between a consonant and *y.

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)

1. to be saying

Inflection

Imperfective, thematic, active only
3rd singular	*wéryeti
3rd plural	*wéryonti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*wéryoh₂	*wéryom	—	*wéryōh₂	*wéryoyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*wéryesi	*wéryes	*wérye	*wéryēsi	*wéryoys
3rd singular	*wéryeti	*wéryet	*wéryetu	*wéryēti	*wéryoyt
1st dual	*wéryowos	*wéryowe	—	*wéryōwos	*wéryoywe
2nd dual	*wéryetes	*wéryetom	*wéryetom	*wéryētes	*wéryoytom
3rd dual	*wéryetes	*wéryetām	*wéryetām	*wéryētes	*wéryoytām
1st plural	*wéryomos	*wéryome	—	*wéryōmos	*wéryoyme
2nd plural	*wéryete	*wéryete	*wéryete	*wéryēte	*wéryoyte
3rd plural	*wéryonti	*wéryont	*wéryontu	*wéryōnti	*wéryoyh₁n̥t
Participle	*wéryonts

Descendants

• Anatolian:
  • Hittite: 𒌑𒂊𒊑𒄿𒊍𒍣 (ú-e-ri-ya-az-zi, 3sg.pres.act.)
• Proto-Hellenic: *wéřřō
  • Ancient Greek: εἴρω (eírō)

wéstor

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Athematic Narten root verb of *wes- (“to dress, clothe”).

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)

1. to be wearing

Inflection

Imperfective, athematic, middle only
3rd singular	*wéstor, *wésor
3rd plural	*wésror, *wésn̥tor
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*wésh₂er	*wésh₂e	—	*wésoh₂er	*wésih₁h₂e
2nd singular	*wésth₂er	*wésth₂e	*wéso	*wéseth₂er	*wésih₁th₂e
3rd singular	*wéstor, *wésor	*wésto, *wéso	*?	*wésetor	*wésih₁to, *wésih₁o
1st dual	*wéswosdʰh₂	*wéswedʰh₂	—	*wésowosdʰh₂	*wésih₁wedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*wésmosdʰh₂	*wésmedʰh₂	—	*wésomosdʰh₂	*wésih₁medʰh₂
2nd plural	*wésdʰh₂we	*wésdʰh₂we	*wésdʰh₂we	*wésedʰh₂we	*wésih₁dʰh₂we
3rd plural	*wésror, *wésn̥tor	*wésro, *wésn̥to	*?	*wésoror, *wésontor	*wésih₁ro, *wésih₁n̥to
Participle	*wésm̥h₁nos

Descendants

• Anatolian:
  • Hittite: 𒌑𒂊𒌍𒋫 (ú-e-eš-ta) 𒌑𒌍𒋫 (ú-eš-ta, 3.sg.pres.mid.), 𒌑𒂊𒌍𒊭𒀭𒁕 (ú-e-eš-ša-an-da, 2.pl.pres.mid.)
• Proto-Hellenic: *wéhmai
  • Ancient Greek: εἶμαι (eîmai), ἔσσαι (éssai)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wástay
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wástay
    • Sanskrit वस्ते (váste)
  • Proto-Iranian: *wástay
    • Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬉 (vastē)

wéwket

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Thematic reduplicated root aorist of *wekʷ- (“to speak, sound out”).

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (perfective)

1. to say

Inflection

Perfective, thematic
3rd singular	*wéwket
3rd plural	*wéwkont
Active voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*wéwkom	—	*wéwkōh₂	*wéwkoyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*wéwkes	*wéwke	*wéwkēsi	*wéwkoys
3rd singular	*wéwket	*wéwketu	*wéwkēti	*wéwkoyt
1st dual	*wéwkowe	—	*wéwkōwos	*wéwkoywe
2nd dual	*wéwketom	*wéwketom	*wéwkētes	*wéwkoytom
3rd dual	*wéwketām	*wéwketām	*wéwkētes	*wéwkoytām
1st plural	*wéwkome	—	*wéwkōmos	*wéwkoyme
2nd plural	*wéwkete	*wéwkete	*wéwkēte	*wéwkoyte
3rd plural	*wéwkont	*wéwkontu	*wéwkōnti	*wéwkoyh₁n̥t
Participle	*wéwkonts
Middle voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*wéwkoh₂e	—	*wéwkōh₂er	*wéwkoyh₂e
2nd singular	*wéwketh₂e	*wéwkeso	*wéwkēth₂er	*wéwkoyth₂e
3rd singular	*wéwketo	*?	*wéwkētor	*wéwkoyto, *wéwkoyh₁o
1st dual	*wéwkowedʰh₂	—	*wéwkōwosdʰh₂	*wéwkoywedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*wéwkomedʰh₂	—	*wéwkōmosdʰh₂	*wéwkoymedʰh₂
2nd plural	*wéwkedʰh₂we	*wéwkedʰh₂we	*wéwkēdʰh₂we	*wéwkoydʰh₂we
3rd plural	*wéwkoro, *wéwkonto	*?	*wéwkōror, *wéwkōntor	*wéwkoyro, *wéwkoyh₁n̥to
Participle	*wéwkomnos

Descendants

• Proto-Hellenic: *weikʷon (< earlier *weukʷom)
  • Ancient Greek: εἶπον (eîpon) (Homeric ἔειπον (éeipon))
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háwawčat (see there for further descendants)

wewórte

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Reduplicated stative of the root *wert- (“to turn, rotate”).

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (stative)

1. to be turned towards

Inflection

Stative
3rd singular	*wewórte
3rd plural	*wewr̥tḗr
Active voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*wewórth₂e	—	*wewértoh₂	*wewr̥tyéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*wewórtth₂e	*wewórt, *wewr̥tdʰí	*wewértesi	*wewr̥tyéh₁s
3rd singular	*wewórte	*wewórttu	*wewérteti	*wewr̥tyéh₁t
1st dual	*wewr̥twé	—	*wewértowos	*wewr̥tih₁wé
2nd dual	*?	*wewr̥ttóm	*wewértetes	*wewr̥tih₁tóm
3rd dual	*?	*wewr̥ttā́m	*wewértetes	*wewr̥tih₁tā́m
1st plural	*wewr̥tmé	—	*wewértomos	*wewr̥tih₁mé
2nd plural	*wewr̥té	*wewr̥tté	*wewértete	*wewr̥tih₁té
3rd plural	*wewr̥tḗr	*wewr̥téntu	*wewértonti	*wewr̥tih₁ént
Participle	*wewr̥twṓs

Descendants

• Proto-Germanic: *warþ (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wawárta
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wawárta
    • Sanskrit: ववर्त (vavárta)

wéydseti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *weyd- (“to see”) +‎ *-(h₁)seti (desiderative verbal suffix).

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)

1. to want to see

Inflection

Imperfective, thematic
3rd singular	*wéydseti
3rd plural	*wéydsonti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*wéydsoh₂	*wéydsom	—	*wéydsōh₂	*wéydsoyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*wéydsesi	*wéydses	*wéydse	*wéydsēsi	*wéydsoys
3rd singular	*wéydseti	*wéydset	*wéydsetu	*wéydsēti	*wéydsoyt
1st dual	*wéydsowos	*wéydsowe	—	*wéydsōwos	*wéydsoywe
2nd dual	*wéydsetes	*wéydsetom	*wéydsetom	*wéydsētes	*wéydsoytom
3rd dual	*wéydsetes	*wéydsetām	*wéydsetām	*wéydsētes	*wéydsoytām
1st plural	*wéydsomos	*wéydsome	—	*wéydsōmos	*wéydsoyme
2nd plural	*wéydsete	*wéydsete	*wéydsete	*wéydsēte	*wéydsoyte
3rd plural	*wéydsonti	*wéydsont	*wéydsontu	*wéydsōnti	*wéydsoyh₁n̥t
Participle	*wéydsonts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*wéydsoh₂er	*wéydsoh₂e	—	*wéydsōh₂er	*wéydsoyh₂e
2nd singular	*wéydseth₂er	*wéydseth₂e	*wéydseso	*wéydsēth₂er	*wéydsoyth₂e
3rd singular	*wéydsetor	*wéydseto	*?	*wéydsētor	*wéydsoyto, *wéydsoyh₁o
1st dual	*wéydsowosdʰh₂	*wéydsowedʰh₂	—	*wéydsōwosdʰh₂	*wéydsoywedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*wéydsomosdʰh₂	*wéydsomedʰh₂	—	*wéydsōmosdʰh₂	*wéydsoymedʰh₂
2nd plural	*wéydsedʰh₂we	*wéydsedʰh₂we	*wéydsedʰh₂we	*wéydsēdʰh₂we	*wéydsoydʰh₂we
3rd plural	*wéydsoror, *wéydsontor	*wéydsoro, *wéydsonto	*?	*wéydsōror, *wéydsōntor	*wéydsoyro, *wéydsoyh₁n̥to
Participle	*wéydsomnos

Descendants

• Proto-Italic: *weissō
  • Latin: vīsō
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *?
  • Latgalian: vaicōt' (“to want to see, to look for”)

wortéyeti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *wert- (“to turn, rotate”) +‎ *-éyeti (causative verbal suffix).

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)

1. to turn (transitive)

Inflection

Imperfective, thematic
3rd singular	*wortéyeti
3rd plural	*wortéyonti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*wortéyoh₂	*wortéyom	—	*wortéyōh₂	*wortéyoyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*wortéyesi	*wortéyes	*wortéye	*wortéyēsi	*wortéyoys
3rd singular	*wortéyeti	*wortéyet	*wortéyetu	*wortéyēti	*wortéyoyt
1st dual	*wortéyowos	*wortéyowe	—	*wortéyōwos	*wortéyoywe
2nd dual	*wortéyetes	*wortéyetom	*wortéyetom	*wortéyētes	*wortéyoytom
3rd dual	*wortéyetes	*wortéyetām	*wortéyetām	*wortéyētes	*wortéyoytām
1st plural	*wortéyomos	*wortéyome	—	*wortéyōmos	*wortéyoyme
2nd plural	*wortéyete	*wortéyete	*wortéyete	*wortéyēte	*wortéyoyte
3rd plural	*wortéyonti	*wortéyont	*wortéyontu	*wortéyōnti	*wortéyoyh₁n̥t
Participle	*wortéyonts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*wortéyoh₂er	*wortéyoh₂e	—	*wortéyōh₂er	*wortéyoyh₂e
2nd singular	*wortéyeth₂er	*wortéyeth₂e	*wortéyeso	*wortéyēth₂er	*wortéyoyth₂e
3rd singular	*wortéyetor	*wortéyeto	*?	*wortéyētor	*wortéyoyto, *wortéyoyh₁o
1st dual	*wortéyowosdʰh₂	*wortéyowedʰh₂	—	*wortéyōwosdʰh₂	*wortéyoywedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*wortéyomosdʰh₂	*wortéyomedʰh₂	—	*wortéyōmosdʰh₂	*wortéyoymedʰh₂
2nd plural	*wortéyedʰh₂we	*wortéyedʰh₂we	*wortéyedʰh₂we	*wortéyēdʰh₂we	*wortéyoydʰh₂we
3rd plural	*wortéyoror, *wortéyontor	*wortéyoro, *wortéyonto	*?	*wortéyōror, *wortéyōntor	*wortéyoyro, *wortéyoyh₁n̥to
Participle	*wortéyomnos

Descendants

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wártīˀtei (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Celtic: *wortīti
  • ⇒ Old Irish: do·fortai (see there for further descendants)
• ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *frawardijaną (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wartáyati
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wartáyati
    • Sanskrit: वर्तयति (vartáyati)
      • Ashokan Prakrit:
        • Magadhi Prakrit:
          • Bengali: বাটা (baṭa)
        • Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀯𑀝𑁆𑀝𑁂𑀇 (vaṭṭei)
          • Marathi: वाटणे (vāṭṇe)
        • Sauraseni Prakrit:
          • Gujarati: વાટવું (vāṭvũ)
• Latin: *opvortet
  • Latin: oporteō

woséyeti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *wes- (“to dress, clothe”) +‎ *-éyeti (causative verbal suffix).

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)

1. to clothe, to put clothes onto

Inflection

Imperfective, thematic
3rd singular	*woséyeti
3rd plural	*woséyonti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*woséyoh₂	*woséyom	—	*woséyōh₂	*woséyoyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*woséyesi	*woséyes	*woséye	*woséyēsi	*woséyoys
3rd singular	*woséyeti	*woséyet	*woséyetu	*woséyēti	*woséyoyt
1st dual	*woséyowos	*woséyowe	—	*woséyōwos	*woséyoywe
2nd dual	*woséyetes	*woséyetom	*woséyetom	*woséyētes	*woséyoytom
3rd dual	*woséyetes	*woséyetām	*woséyetām	*woséyētes	*woséyoytām
1st plural	*woséyomos	*woséyome	—	*woséyōmos	*woséyoyme
2nd plural	*woséyete	*woséyete	*woséyete	*woséyēte	*woséyoyte
3rd plural	*woséyonti	*woséyont	*woséyontu	*woséyōnti	*woséyoyh₁n̥t
Participle	*woséyonts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*woséyoh₂er	*woséyoh₂e	—	*woséyōh₂er	*woséyoyh₂e
2nd singular	*woséyeth₂er	*woséyeth₂e	*woséyeso	*woséyēth₂er	*woséyoyth₂e
3rd singular	*woséyetor	*woséyeto	*?	*woséyētor	*woséyoyto, *woséyoyh₁o
1st dual	*woséyowosdʰh₂	*woséyowedʰh₂	—	*woséyōwosdʰh₂	*woséyoywedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*woséyomosdʰh₂	*woséyomedʰh₂	—	*woséyōmosdʰh₂	*woséyoymedʰh₂
2nd plural	*woséyedʰh₂we	*woséyedʰh₂we	*woséyedʰh₂we	*woséyēdʰh₂we	*woséyoydʰh₂we
3rd plural	*woséyoror, *woséyontor	*woséyoro, *woséyonto	*?	*woséyōror, *woséyōntor	*woséyoyro, *woséyoyh₁n̥to
Participle	*woséyomnos

Descendants

• Proto-Albanian: *wesja
  • Albanian: vesh
• Anatolian:
  • Hittite: 𒉿𒀸𒊺𒄑𒍣 (wa-aš-š-še-ez-zi /⁠waššezzi⁠/)
• Proto-Germanic: *wazjaną (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wāsáyati
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wāsáyati
    • Sanskrit: वासयति (vāsáyati), वासयते (vāsáyate)

wóyde

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Stative root perfect of *weyd- (“to see”).

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (stative)

1. to have seen, to know

Inflection

Stative
3rd singular	*wóyde
3rd plural	*widḗr
Active voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*wóydh₂e	—	*wéydoh₂	*widyéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*wóydth₂e	*wóyd, *widdʰí	*wéydesi	*widyéh₁s
3rd singular	*wóyde	*wóydtu	*wéydeti	*widyéh₁t
1st dual	*widwé	—	*wéydowos	*widih₁wé
2nd dual	*?	*widtóm	*wéydetes	*widih₁tóm
3rd dual	*?	*widtā́m	*wéydetes	*widih₁tā́m
1st plural	*widmé	—	*wéydomos	*widih₁mé
2nd plural	*widé	*widté	*wéydete	*widih₁té
3rd plural	*widḗr	*widéntu	*wéydonti	*widih₁ént
Participle	*widwṓs

Descendants

• Proto-Armenian: *gēt-
  • Old Armenian: գիտեմ (gitem, “to know”)
• Balto-Slavic:
  • Latgalian: iraida (“is/are (visible, noticeable)”) (from *irvaida where "ir, ira, irā" ("is/are"))
  • Latgalian: navaida (“is/are not (visible, noticeable)”)
  • Latgalian: sovvaids (“peculiar”) (where the first part - sovs (“one's own”))
  • Proto-Slavic: *věděti (“to know”) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *wait (“knows”) (see there for further descendants)
• Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: οἶδα (oîda, “to know”)

wr̥ǵyéti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *werǵ- (“to make”) +‎ *-yéti.

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)

1. to be working, to be at work

Inflection

Imperfective, thematic
3rd singular	*wr̥ǵyéti
3rd plural	*wr̥ǵyónti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*wr̥ǵyóh₂	*wr̥ǵyóm	—	*wr̥ǵyṓh₂	*wr̥ǵyóyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*wr̥ǵyési	*wr̥ǵyés	*wr̥ǵyé	*wr̥ǵyḗsi	*wr̥ǵyóys
3rd singular	*wr̥ǵyéti	*wr̥ǵyét	*wr̥ǵyétu	*wr̥ǵyḗti	*wr̥ǵyóyt
1st dual	*wr̥ǵyówos	*wr̥ǵyówe	—	*wr̥ǵyṓwos	*wr̥ǵyóywe
2nd dual	*wr̥ǵyétes	*wr̥ǵyétom	*wr̥ǵyétom	*wr̥ǵyḗtes	*wr̥ǵyóytom
3rd dual	*wr̥ǵyétes	*wr̥ǵyétām	*wr̥ǵyétām	*wr̥ǵyḗtes	*wr̥ǵyóytām
1st plural	*wr̥ǵyómos	*wr̥ǵyóme	—	*wr̥ǵyṓmos	*wr̥ǵyóyme
2nd plural	*wr̥ǵyéte	*wr̥ǵyéte	*wr̥ǵyéte	*wr̥ǵyḗte	*wr̥ǵyóyte
3rd plural	*wr̥ǵyónti	*wr̥ǵyónt	*wr̥ǵyóntu	*wr̥ǵyṓnti	*wr̥ǵyóyh₁n̥t
Participle	*wr̥ǵyónts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*wr̥ǵyóh₂er	*wr̥ǵyóh₂e	—	*wr̥ǵyṓh₂er	*wr̥ǵyóyh₂e
2nd singular	*wr̥ǵyéth₂er	*wr̥ǵyéth₂e	*wr̥ǵyéso	*wr̥ǵyḗth₂er	*wr̥ǵyóyth₂e
3rd singular	*wr̥ǵyétor	*wr̥ǵyéto	*?	*wr̥ǵyḗtor	*wr̥ǵyóyto, *wr̥ǵyóyh₁o
1st dual	*wr̥ǵyówosdʰh₂	*wr̥ǵyówedʰh₂	—	*wr̥ǵyṓwosdʰh₂	*wr̥ǵyóywedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*wr̥ǵyómosdʰh₂	*wr̥ǵyómedʰh₂	—	*wr̥ǵyṓmosdʰh₂	*wr̥ǵyóymedʰh₂
2nd plural	*wr̥ǵyédʰh₂we	*wr̥ǵyédʰh₂we	*wr̥ǵyédʰh₂we	*wr̥ǵyḗdʰh₂we	*wr̥ǵyóydʰh₂we
3rd plural	*wr̥ǵyóror, *wr̥ǵyóntor	*wr̥ǵyóro, *wr̥ǵyónto	*?	*wr̥ǵyṓror, *wr̥ǵyṓntor	*wr̥ǵyóyro, *wr̥ǵyóyh₁n̥to
Participle	*wr̥ǵyómnos

Descendants

• Proto-Germanic: *wurkijaną (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *wərďďō
  • Ancient Greek:

    ἔρδω (érdō) (< secondary full-grade *wérďďō)

    ῥέζω (rhézō) (< secondary metathesized full-grade *wréďďō)

  • Mycenaean Greek: 𐀺𐀽 (wo-ze /⁠worzei⁠/)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wr̥ȷ́yáti
  • Proto-Iranian: *wr̥jyáti
    • Avestan: 𐬬𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vər^əziieⁱti)

yunégti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *yewg- (“to join, tie together”) +‎ *-né- (nasal infix).

Verb

*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)

1. to be joining

Inflection

Imperfective, athematic
3rd singular	*yunégti
3rd plural	*yungénti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*yunégmi	*yunégm̥	—	*yunégoh₂	*yungyéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*yunégsi	*yunégs	*yunég, *yungdʰí	*yunégesi	*yungyéh₁s
3rd singular	*yunégti	*yunégt	*yunégtu	*yunégeti	*yungyéh₁t
1st dual	*yungwós	*yungwé	—	*yunégowos	*yungih₁wé
2nd dual	*yungtés	*yungtóm	*yungtóm	*yunégetes	*yungih₁tóm
3rd dual	*yungtés	*yungtā́m	*yungtā́m	*yunégetes	*yungih₁tā́m
1st plural	*yungmós	*yungmé	—	*yunégomos	*yungih₁mé
2nd plural	*yungté	*yungté	*yungté	*yunégete	*yungih₁té
3rd plural	*yungénti	*yungént	*yungéntu	*yunégonti	*yungih₁ént
Participle	*yungónts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*yungh₂ér	*yungh₂é	—	*yunégoh₂er	*yungih₁h₂é
2nd singular	*yungth₂ér	*yungth₂é	*yungsó	*yunégeth₂er	*yungih₁th₂é
3rd singular	*yungtór, *yungór	*yungtó, *yungó	*?	*yunégetor	*yungih₁tó, *yungih₁ó
1st dual	*yungwósdʰh₂	*yungwédʰh₂	—	*yunégowosdʰh₂	*yungih₁wédʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*yungmósdʰh₂	*yungmédʰh₂	—	*yunégomosdʰh₂	*yungih₁médʰh₂
2nd plural	*yungdʰh₂wé	*yungdʰh₂wé	*yungdʰh₂wé	*yunégedʰh₂we	*yungih₁dʰh₂wé
3rd plural	*yungrór, *yungn̥tór	*yungró, *yungn̥tó	*?	*yunégoror, *yunégontor	*yungih₁ró, *yungih₁n̥tó
Participle	*yungm̥h₁nós

Descendants

• Balto-Slavic:
  • Latvian: jûgt
  • Lithuanian: jùngti
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yunákti (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *jungō (see there for further descendants)