be/translations

This page contains translations for be. See the main entry for more information.

English

Verb

Translations

Note: This verb has many irregularities in both form and usage in many languages. Use translations with caution.

auxiliary: used to form the passive voice

• Arabic: (use passive forms or derived stems with passive meaning)

  Egyptian Arabic: بيبقى m (beyebʔā), بيتعمل m (beyetʕemel)

• Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܗܵܘܹܐ (hawe)
• Asturian: ser (ast)
• Bulgarian: съм (bg) (sǎm)
• Catalan: ésser (ca), ser (ca)
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: (particle) ^{(please verify)} 被/為(为)/遭 (bèi) + verb, or implied

• Czech: být (cs) impf
• Danish: blive (da)
• Dutch: worden (nl)
• Emilian: êser
• Esperanto: (passive form of the verb) -iĝi, esti (eo) + passive participle [-ata, -ita, -ota]
• Finnish: active tense used
• French: être (fr)
• Galician: ser (gl)
• German: werden (de)
• Greek: usually translated using the passive form of the active verb

  Ancient: (in most cases use passive forms), (rarely) εἰμί (eimí) + (passive participle)

• Icelandic: vera (is)
• Irish: specific form of each verb must be used
• Italian: essere (it), venire (it)
• Japanese: れる (ja) (reru), られる (ja) (rareru)
• Khmer: ត្រូវបាន (trɨv baan)
• Korean: (passive form of the verb) -기다 (ko) (gida), –당하다 (ko) (danghada), -되다 (ko) (doeda), -리다 (ko) (rida), -받다 (ko) (batda), -이다 (ko) (ida), -지다 (ko) (jida), -히다 (hida)
• Lao: please add this translation if you can
• Latin: sum (la)
• Lithuanian: būti (lt)
• Macedonian: е (mk) (e)
• Malay: (passive form of the verb)
• Mazanderani: بیه‌ن (biyen)
• Middle English: been
• Norman: être
• Norwegian:

  Norwegian Bokmål: bli (no)

  Norwegian Nynorsk: verta, verte, bli

• Old Church Slavonic:

  Cyrillic: бꙑти impf (byti)

• Persian: است (fa) (ast), بودن (fa) (budan)
• Polish: być (pl), zostać (pl)
• Portuguese: ser (pt)
• Romanian: fi (ro)
• Russian: быть (ru) impf (bytʹ)
• Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic: би̏ти impf

  Roman: bȉti (sh) impf

• Slovak: byť (sk)
• Slovene: biti (sl)
• Spanish: ser (es)
• Swedish: bli (sv), -s (sv) (suffix used on the verb)
• Thai: ถูก (th) (tùuk), โดน (th) (doon)
• Vietnamese: (positive outcome) được (vi), (negative outcome) bị (vi)
• Welsh: bod (cy)
• West Frisian: wurde (fy)

auxiliary: used to form the continuous forms of various tenses

• Arabic: (use present tense or active participle for present progressive), كَانَ (ar) (kāna) + (imperfect indicative for past progressive)

  Egyptian Arabic: بيفضل m (beyefḍal), عمال m (ʕammāl)

• Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܗܵܘܹܐ (hawe)
• Asturian: tar (ast), tar (ast)
• Bakhtiari: (used with the verb) هنه (hone)
• Catalan: estar (ca)
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 在 (zh) (zài), 正在 (zh) (zhèngzài), verb + 著 (zh), 着 (zh) (zhe)

• Cimbrian: zèinan + darnaach + infinitive
• Czech: not used in Czech
• Danish: not used in Danish
• Dutch: zijn aan het + infinitive (or a simple tense without zijn when not stressing the continuousness of an action)
• Esperanto: esti (eo) + active participle [-anta, -inta, -onta]
• Finnish: (sometimes, normally use indicative) olla + third active infinitive in inessive case
• French: (not translated; use the equivalent simple tense, or the imperfect in the past)
• Galician: estar (gl)
• German: sein (de)
• Greek: (use imperfective verb form of the appropriate tense)

  Ancient: (use present or imperfect, or perfect or pluperfect of verbs whose perfect has present meaning)

• Haitian Creole: ap
• Igbo: nà-, nà (ig)
• Irish: bí
• Italian: stare (it)
• Japanese: ている (-te iru)
• Jeju: 어ᇝ (-eom-), 아ᇝ (-am-)
• Kabyle: ili
• Khmer: កំពុង (km) (kɑmpung)
• Korean: 어/아 가다 (-eo/a gada), 고 있다 (-go itda), 는다 (-neunda), ᆫ다 (-nda), ᆻ다 (-tda)
• Latin: (Not officially translated into Latin, but nunc can be used to convey the sense that the action is being done right now.)
• Louisiana Creole: apé, ap
• Macedonian: (use imperfective verb form of the appropriate tense)
• Manx: bee
• Middle English: been
• Norwegian:

  Norwegian Bokmål: not used in Norwegian Bokmål

  Norwegian Nynorsk: not used in Norwegian Nynorsk

• Persian: داشْتَن (fa) (dâštan) + imperfective verb form, در حال (dar hâl-e) + infinitive + بودَن (fa) (budan), هاسِی (hâsey) + imperfective verb form (dialectal)
• Polish: być (pl)
• Portuguese: estar (pt) + gerund, estar + a + infinitive
• Romanian: (not translated; use the equivalent simple tense, or the imperfect in the past)
• Russian: (use imperfective verb form of the appropriate tense)
• Spanish: estar (es)
• Swedish: (rarely translated; use the equivalent simple tense or possibly hålla på att (sv) + infinitive)
• Thai: กำลัง (th) (gam-lang)
• Vietnamese: đang (vi)
• Welsh: bod (cy)
• Yoruba: ń

auxiliary: (archaic) used to form the perfect aspect with certain intransitive verbs

• Catalan: not used in Catalan
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: not used in Mandarin

• Czech: být (cs) impf
• Danish: være (da)
• Dutch: zijn (nl)
• Esperanto: not used in Esperanto
• Finnish: olla (fi)
• French: avoir (fr)
• German: sein (de)
• Icelandic: vera (is)
• Irish: (rendered by verb form)
• Japanese: ている (-te iru)
• Latin: sum (la), ((not translated; use the equivalent simple tense, or the imperfect in the past)) Videsne quis venit? (Do you see who is coming?)
• Macedonian: е (mk) (e)
• Middle English: been
• Norwegian:

  Norwegian Bokmål: være (no)

  Norwegian Nynorsk: vera (nn), vere (nn)

• Persian: بودَن (fa) (budan)
• Portuguese: ser (pt) (archaic), ter (pt) (modern)
• Russian: not used in Russian
• Swedish: vara (sv), ha (sv)
• Vietnamese: từng (vi)
• Welsh: (rendered by verb form)

auxiliary: used to form future tenses, especially the future subjunctive

• Catalan: not used in Catalan
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: not used in Mandarin

• Czech: být (cs) impf, mít (cs) impf
• Danish: ville (da)
• Esperanto: (not translated; use the future tense [-os])
• Finnish: tulla (fi)
• French: not used in French
• German: sein (de), werden (de)
• Greek: (for future subjunctive, use θα + imperfective past verb form)
• Irish: (rendered by verb form)
• Japanese: だろう (ja) (darō)
• Latin: (not translated; use a future tense) ibo (la) (I’m to go), (not translated; use a future tense) ivero (I’m to go)
• Macedonian: not used in Macedonian
• Mazanderani: بأبوشه‌ن (babošen)
• Portuguese: use the future subjunctive tense
• Russian: быть (ru) impf (bytʹ)
• Slovak: mať (sk), byť (sk)
• Swedish: (for indicative: use present tense or kommer att + infinitive; for subjunctive: use om (sv) ... skulle (sv) + infinitive or (archaically) use past subjunctive)
• Welsh: (rendered by verb form)

auxiliary, dialectal: used to mark habitual aspect

occupy a place

• Albanian: jam (sq)
• Apache:

  Western Apache: naiágúóli ((be together))

• Arabic: كَانَ (ar) (kāna)

  Egyptian Arabic: يبقى m (yebʔā)

  South Levantine Arabic: كان (kān)

• Armenian: լինել (hy) (linel), եմ (hy) (em)
• Aromanian: escu, hiu
• Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܗܵܘܹܐ (hawe)
• Asturian: tar (ast)
• Basque: egon
• Belarusian: быць (be) (bycʹ) (present tense seldom used)
• Bourguignon: étre
• Bouyei: ius
• Breton: bezañ (br)
• Bulgarian: съм (bg) (sǎm)
• Catalan: ésser (ca), ser (ca), estar (ca)
• Chinese:

  Dungan: зэ (ze)

  Mandarin: 在 (zh) (zài)

• Classical Nahuatl: cah
• Cornish: bos, (Unified) bôs
• Czech: být (cs) impf
• Dalmatian: saite
• Danish: være (da)
• Dutch: zijn (nl), staan (nl), zitten (nl), liggen (nl), wezen (nl) (informal), zich bevinden
• Elfdalian: wårå
• Emilian: êser
• Erzya: улемс (uľems)
• Esperanto: esti (eo)
• Estonian: olema (et)
• Evenki: би (bi)
• Faroese: vera (fo)
• Finnish: olla (fi)
• Franc-Comtois: étre
• Franco-Provençal: estar, étre, étar
• French: être (fr)

  Old French: ester

• Friulian: jessi, sei
• Galician: estar (gl)
• Georgian: ყოფნა (ka) (q̇opna), არის (aris) (infinitive)
• German: sein (de); sich befinden
• Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (wisan)
• Greek: είμαι (el) (eímai)

  Ancient: εἰμί (eimí)

• Haitian Creole: se
• Hebrew: הָיָה (he) (hayá)
• Hindi: होना (hi) (honā)
• Hungarian: van (hu)
• Icelandic: vera (is)
• Ido: esar (io)
• Indonesian: berada (id)
• Ingrian: olla
• Irish: bí

  Old Irish: at·tá

• Istriot: ièsi
• Istro-Romanian: fi
• Italian: essere (it)
• Japanese: 在る (ja) (ある, aru) (inanimate), 居る (ja) (いる, iru) (animate)
• Jarawa: ʈʰi
• Jeju: 잇다 (itda), 싯다 (sitda), 이시다 (isida), 시다 (sida), 엇다 (eotda) (negative), 읏다 (eutda) (negative)
• Kabyle: ili
• Khmer: នៅ (km) (nɨw)
• Korean: 있다 (ko) (itda), (honorific) 계시다 (ko) (gyesida), 없다 (ko) (eopda) (negative)
• Kurdish:

  Northern Kurdish: bûn (ku)

• Ladin: vester
• Lao: ຢູ່ (yū)
• Latgalian: byut
• Latin: sum (la), sto (la)
• Latvian: būt (lv)
• Ligurian: êse
• Lithuanian: būti (lt)
• Livonian: vȱlda
• Lombard: vèss
• Low German:

  Münsterländisch: sien (nds) (sin (nds), syn)

  German Low German: wesen (nds), sin (nds); liggen, stahn, sitten (nds), sien (nds)

  Middle Low German: ^{(please verify)} wesen, ^{(please verify)} sîn

• Lü: ᦊᦴᧈ (ẏuu¹)
• Luxembourgish: sinn (lb)
• Macedonian: е (mk) (e), се наоѓа (se naoǵa)
• Malay: berada

  Jawi: براد

• Manx: bee
• Mazanderani: بوئن (boen)
• Megleno-Romanian: ire
• Middle English: been
• Middle Korean: 잇다〮 (ìstá), 없〯다〮 (ěpstá) (negative)
• Nahuatl: cah
• Ngazidja Comorian: uhundriha
• Norman: être
• North Frisian:

  Föhr-Amrum: wees

  Hallig and Mooring: weese

  Helgoland: wees

  Sylt: wiis

  Wiedingharde: wjizze

• Northern Sami: leat
• Northern Thai: please add this translation if you can
• Norwegian:

  Norwegian Bokmål: være (no)

  Norwegian Nynorsk: vera (nn), vere (nn)

• Occitan: èsser (oc), èstre (oc)
• Okinawan: 有ん (あん, an) (inanimate), 居ん (をぅん, wun) (animate)
• Old Church Slavonic:

  Cyrillic: бꙑти impf (byti)

• Old English: bēon, wesan (ang)
• Old Frisian: wesa
• Old Korean: 有叱 (*Is-), 無叱 (EPUs-) (negative)
• Old Norse: vera
• Old Prussian: būtwei
• Old Saxon: wesan, sīn
• Pennsylvania German: sei
• Persian: هَسْت (fa) (hast), بودَن (fa) (budan)
• Picard: ète
• Piedmontese: esse
• Pipil: nemi
• Polish: być (pl)
• Portuguese: estar (pt)
• Quechua: tiyay, kai
• Romanian: fi (ro)
• Romansch: esser
• Russian: быть (ru) impf (bytʹ) (present tense seldom used), находи́ться (ru) impf (naxodítʹsja)
• Sardinian:

  Campidanese: èsseri

  Logudorese: èssere

• Saterland Frisian: weese
• Scottish Gaelic: bi
• Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic: би̏ти impf, налазити се

  Roman: bȉti (sh) impf, nalaziti se (sh)

• Shan: please add this translation if you can
• Sicilian: èssiri (scn)
• Skolt Sami: lʹeed
• Slovak: byť (sk)
• Slovene: biti (sl)
• Slovincian: bëc
• Sorbian:

  Lower Sorbian: byś

  Upper Sorbian: być (hsb)

• Spanish: estar (es)
• Swahili: kuwa
• Swedish: vara (sv), ligga (sv), stå (sv), sitta (sv), finnas (sv)
• Tamil: இரு (ta) (iru), அமர் (ta) (amar)
• Thai: อยู่ (th) (yùu)
• Tibetan: please add this translation if you can
• Turkish: bulunmak (tr), olmak (tr)
• Ukrainian: бу́ти (uk) impf (búty) (present tense seldom used)
• Urdu: ہونا (honā)
• Venetian: èser (vec)
• Vietnamese: ở (vi)
• Welsh: bod (cy)
• West Frisian: wêze (fy)
• White Hmong: nyob nov
• Yiddish: זײַן (zayn)
• Yoruba: wà, sí (negative)
• Zazaki: bı
• Zhuang: youq
• ǃXóõ: ǀîi

occur, take place

• Arabic: كَانَ (ar) (kāna)
• Armenian: լինել (hy) (linel)
• Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܗܵܘܹܐ (hawe)
• Asturian: ser (ast)
• Basque: izan
• Belarusian: быць (be) impf (bycʹ)
• Bulgarian: съм (bg) impf (sǎm)
• Catalan: ésser (ca), ser (ca), haver-hi (ca)
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 在 (zh) (zài), 有 (zh) (yǒu)

• Czech: být (cs) impf
• Danish: finde sted, ske (da)
• Dutch: zijn (nl), plaatsvinden (nl)
• Emilian: êser
• Esperanto: okazi (eo)
• Estonian: olema (et)
• Finnish: olla (fi)
• Franco-Provençal: étre
• French: être (fr)
• Galician: ser (gl)
• Georgian: მოხდენა (moxdena) (verbal noun), ხდება (xdeba) (infinitive)
• German: sein (de); stattfinden (de)
• Greek: γίνομαι (el) (gínomai)

  Ancient: γίγνομαι (gígnomai), εἰμί (eimí), συμβαίνω (sumbaínō)

• Hebrew: הָיָה (he) (hayá)
• Hindi: होना (hi) (honā)
• Hungarian: lenni (hu)
• Icelandic: vera (is)
• Ingrian: olla
• Irish: bí
• Italian: essere (it)
• Japanese: 有る (ja) (ある, aru)
• Javanese: ana
• Khmer: ជា (km) (ciə), គឺ (km) (kɨɨ)
• Korean: 일어나다 (ko) (ireonada), 생기다 (ko) (saenggida)
• Kurdish:

  Northern Kurdish: bûn (ku)

• Lao: ບັງເກີດ (bang kœ̄t)
• Latin: sum (la)
• Ligurian: êse
• Lithuanian: būti (lt)
• Low German:

  German Low German: wesen (nds); stattfinnen, geven (nds), bören, gebören, schehn

• Macedonian: би́де (bíde), е (mk) (e)
• Manchu: ᠪᡳ (bi), ᠪᡳᠮᠪᡳ (bimbi)
• Manx: bee
• Mazanderani: بأین (bayen)
• Middle English: been
• Mongolian:

  Cyrillic: бий (mn) (bii), байх (mn) (bajx)

  Mongolian: ᠪᠤᠢ (bui), ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ (bayiqu)

• Norman: être
• Norwegian:

  Norwegian Bokmål: være (no)

  Norwegian Nynorsk: vera (nn), vere (nn)

• Occitan: èsser (oc)
• Persian: بودَن (fa) (budan)
• Polish: być (pl)
• Portuguese: ser (pt)
• Romagnol: cadér
• Romanian: fi (ro)
• Russian: быть (ru) impf (bytʹ), происходи́ть (ru) impf (proisxodítʹ), произойти́ (ru) pf (proizojtí)
• Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic: би̏ти impf

  Roman: bȉti (sh) impf

• Slovak: byť (sk)
• Slovene: biti (sl)
• Sorbian:

  Lower Sorbian: byś

• Spanish: ser (es)
• Swedish: vara (sv), ske (sv) (about actions)
• Tamil: நட (ta) (naṭa)
• Telugu: అగు (te) (agu)
• Thai: เกิดขึ้น (gə̀ət-kʉ̂n)
• Turkish: olmak (tr), var olmak (tr)
• Ukrainian: бу́ти (uk) impf (búty)
• Urdu: ہونا (honā)
• Vietnamese: có (vi)
• Welsh: bod (cy)
• Zazaki: biyen

have a certain age

• Catalan: tenir (ca), tindre (ca)
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 岁 (zh) (suì)

• Dutch: zijn (nl)
• Emilian: avêreg
• Finnish: olla ...-vuotias
• French: avoir (fr)
• German: sein (de)
• Ido: evar (io)
• Italian: avere (it)
• Kurdish:

  Northern Kurdish: ... salî bûn, bûn (ku)

• Middle English: been
• Polish: mieć (pl)
• Portuguese: ter (pt)
• Romanian: avea (ro)
• Slovak: mať (sk)
• Spanish: tener (es)
• Tamil: இரு (ta) (iru) (often unspoken, e.g. அவர்களுக்கு பத்து வயது, i.e. "they were ten years old")
• Zazaki: ben (diq)

elliptical form of "be here", or similar

• Asturian: tar (ast)
• Basque: egon
• Belarusian: быць (be) (bycʹ)
• Bulgarian: съм (bg) (sǎm)
• Catalan: ser-hi (ca), estar (ca), anar (ca), venir (ca), passar (ca)
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 是 (zh) (shì), 有 (zh) (yǒu), 在 (zh) (zài), 來／来 (zh) (lái)

• Czech: být (cs)
• Danish: være (da), være her
• Dutch: zijn (nl)
• Esperanto: veni (eo), iri (eo), iri (eo)
• Faroese: vera (fo)
• Finnish: olla (fi)
• French: aller (fr), venir (fr)
• German: sein (de)
• Hindi: होना (hi) (honā)
• Ingrian: olla
• Irish: bí

  Old Irish: at·tá

• Italian: andare (it), venire (it)
• Japanese: 行って来る (いってくる, itte kuru)
• Khmer: នៅ (km) (nɨw)
• Kurdish:

  Northern Kurdish: bûn (ku)

• Latin: veniō (la)
• Latvian: būt (lv)
• Lithuanian: būti (lt)
• Low German:

  German Low German: wesen (nds) (in some dialects), sien (nds) (in some dialects)

• Macedonian: е (mk) (e)
• Manx: bee
• Norwegian:

  Norwegian Bokmål: være (no)

  Norwegian Nynorsk: vera (nn), vere (nn)

• Persian: بودَن (fa) (budan)
• Polish: być (pl)
• Portuguese: estar (pt), ter (pt)
• Romanian: fi (ro)
• Russian: быть (ru) impf (bytʹ) (present tense seldom used), приходи́ть (ru) impf (prixodítʹ), прийти́ (ru) pf (prijtí)
• Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic: би̏ти impf

  Roman: bȉti (sh) impf

• Slovak: byť (sk)
• Slovene: biti (sl)
• Sorbian:

  Lower Sorbian: byś

• Spanish: estar (es)
• Swedish: vara (sv)
• Thai: มา (th) (maa)
• Ukrainian: бу́ти (uk) impf (búty)
• Urdu: ہونا (honā)
• Vietnamese: đến (vi)
• Welsh: bod (cy)
• Zazaki: tiya biyen

used to indicate that the subject and object are the same

• Afrikaans: wees (af)
• Albanian: jam (sq)
• Arabic: كَانَ (ar) (kāna)

  Egyptian Arabic: يبقى m (yebʔā)

• Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܗܵܘܹܐ (hawe)
• Asturian: ser (ast), ser (ast)
• Basque: izan
• Belarusian: быць (be) impf (bycʹ)
• Bulgarian: съм (bg) impf (sǎm)
• Burmese: ရှိ (my) (hri.), ဖြစ် (my) (hprac), နေ (my) (ne), ဟုတ် (my) (hut) (in negative clauses)
• Carpathian Rusyn: бу́ти impf (búty), буц (buc), бы́ти impf (bŷ́ty)
• Catalan: ésser (ca), ser (ca)
• Chinese:

  Cantonese: 是 (si⁴) (formal and written), 係／系 (yue) (hai⁶) (vernacular)

  Dungan: сы (sɨ)

  Eastern Min: 是 (sê)

  Gan: 是 (si⁵)

  Hakka: 係／系 (he)

  Hokkien: 是 (zh-min-nan) (sǐ, sī)

  Jin: 是 (si³)

  Literary: 唯 (wéi) (archaic), 係 (xì)

  Mandarin: 是 (zh) (shì)

  Wu: 是

  Xiang: 是 (shr⁵)

• Czech: být (cs) impf
• Danish: være (da)
• Dutch: zijn (nl)
• Emilian: êser
• Esperanto: esti (eo)
• Estonian: olema (et)
• Extremaduran: sel
• Faroese: vera (fo)
• Finnish: olla (fi)
• French: être (fr)

  Middle French: estre

  Old French: estre

• Galician: ser (gl)
• German: sein (de)
• Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (wisan)
• Greek: είμαι (el) (eímai)

  Ancient: εἰμί (eimí)

• Haitian Creole: se
• Hindi: होना (hi) (honā)
• Icelandic: vera (is)
• Ingrian: olla
• Irish: is (ga)
• Isan: please add this translation if you can
• Italian: essere (it)
• Japanese: です (ja) (desu), である (ja) (dearu), だ (ja) (da)
• Jarawa: ʈʰi
• Jeju: 이다 (-ida), 아니다 (anida) (negative)
• Kabyle: d (predicative particle), ili (copular verb)
• Khmer: ជា (km) (ciə), គឺ (km) (kɨɨ)
• Korean: 이다 (ko) (ida), 아니다 (ko) (anida) (negative)
• Kurdish:

  Northern Kurdish: bûn (ku)

• Lao: ແມ່ນ (mǣn), ເປັນ (pen), ຄື (lo) (khư̄)
• Latin: sum (la)
• Latvian: būt (lv)
• Ligurian: êse
• Lithuanian: būti (lt)
• Louisiana Creole: çé, yê (interrogative or relative clauses), dèt (after auxiliaries or pre-verbal markers; in commands)
• Lü: ᦔᦲᧃ (ṗiin)
• Macedonian: е (mk) impf (e)
• Malay: ialah (ms) (seldom used)

  Jawi: اياله

• Malayalam: ആകുന്നു (ākunnu)
• Manchu: ᠣᠴᡳ (oci)
• Manx: she
• Middle English: been
• Middle Korean: 이〮라〮 (-ílá), 아니〮다〮 (ànítá) (negative)
• Mon: please add this translation if you can
• Mongolian:

  Cyrillic: байх (mn) (bajx)

• Navajo: átʼé, nilį́
• Norman: être
• Northern Thai: please add this translation if you can
• Norwegian:

  Norwegian Bokmål: være (no)

  Norwegian Nynorsk: vera (nn), vere (nn)

• Okinawan: やん (yan), やいびーん (yaibīn) (formal)
• Old Church Slavonic:

  Cyrillic: бꙑти impf (byti)

• Old East Slavic: бꙑти impf (byti)
• Old English: wesan (ang)
• Old Korean: 是 (*i-)
• Pela: ŋɔ̠t⁵⁵
• Pennsylvania German: sei
• Persian: بودَن (fa) (budan)
• Polish: być (pl) impf, to (pl)
• Portuguese: ser (pt)
• Quechua: kay (qu)
• Romani: si
• Romanian: fi (ro)
• Russian: быть (ru) impf (bytʹ) (present tense seldom used), явля́ться (ru) impf or impf (javljátʹsja)
• Sanskrit: अस्ति (sa) (asti)
• Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic: би̏ти impf

  Roman: bȉti (sh) impf

• Shan: please add this translation if you can
• Slovak: byť (sk) impf
• Slovene: biti (sl) impf
• Sorbian:

  Lower Sorbian: byś impf

  Upper Sorbian: być (hsb) impf

• Southern Thai: please add this translation if you can
• Spanish: ser (es)
• Swedish: vara (sv)
• Tajik: будан (tg) (budan)
• Tamil: இரு (ta) (iru) (present tense not used), ஆகு (ta) (āku), ஆ (ta) (ā)
• Thai: เป็น (th) (bpen), คือ (th) (kʉʉ)
• Tibetan: རེད (red), ཡིན་འགོད (yin 'god)
• Tocharian B: tāk-
• Turkish: imek (tr)
• Ukrainian: бу́ти (uk) impf (búty)
• Urdu: ہونا (honā)
• Vietnamese: là (vi)
• Welsh: bod (cy)
• Yiddish: זײַן (zayn)
• Yoruba: ni, jẹ́
• Zhuang: dwg

used to indicate that the values on either side of an equation are the same

• Arabic:

  Egyptian Arabic: يساوى m (yesāwī), يعمل m (yeʕmel)

• Belarusian: быць (be) (bycʹ)
• Bulgarian: съм (bg) (sǎm)
• Catalan: fer (ca), ésser (ca), ser (ca)
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 是 (zh) (shì)

• Czech: být (cs)
• Danish: være (da), være lig med
• Dutch: ^{(please verify)} gelijk zijn
• Esperanto: egali, esti (eo)
• Finnish: olla yhtä suuri kuin, olla (fi)
• French: faire (fr)
• German: sein (de)
• Greek: ίσον (el) (íson)

  Ancient: εἰμί (eimí), εἰμί ἴσος (eimí ísos) (+ dative)

• Hindi: होना (hi) (honā)
• Icelandic: vera (is)
• Irish: bí cothrom le (ga)
• Italian: essere uguale, fare (it)
• Japanese: です (ja) (desu), である (ja) (dearu), だ (ja) (da)
• Khmer: ជា (km) (ciə)
• Korean: 같다 (ko) (gatda)
• Kurdish:

  Northern Kurdish: bûn (ku)

• Latin: sum (la)
• Latvian: būt (lv)
• Lithuanian: būti (lt)
• Macedonian: е еднакво на (e ednakvo na)
• Malay: ialah (ms)

  Jawi: اياله

• Norwegian:

  Norwegian Bokmål: være (no) or være lik

  Norwegian Nynorsk: vera (nn), vere (nn) or vera, ^{(please verify)} vere lik

• Persian: بودَن (fa) (budan)
• Polish: być (pl), równać się (pl)
• Portuguese: ser (pt), dar (pt)
• Romanian: fi (ro), egala (ro)
• Russian: равня́ться (ru) impf (ravnjátʹsja), равно́ (ru) (ravnó), быть (ru) (bytʹ), (e.g. a future tense is used: бу́дет (ru) (búdet)), полу́читься (ru) (polúčitʹsja), соста́вить (ru) (sostávitʹ), э́то (ru) (éto), — (“long dash”)
• Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic: би̏ти impf

  Roman: bȉti (sh) impf

• Slovak: byť (sk)
• Slovene: biti (sl)
• Sorbian:

  Lower Sorbian: byś

• Swedish: vara (sv), vara lika med
• Thai: เท่ากับ (th) (tâo-gàp)
• Ukrainian: бу́ти (uk) impf (búty)
• Urdu: ہونا (honā)
• Vietnamese: là (vi)
• Welsh: bod (cy)
• Yiddish: זײַן (zayn)

used to indicate that the subject plays the role of the predicate nominal

• Arabic: كَانَ (ar) (kāna)
• Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܗܵܘܹܐ (hawe)
• Asturian: ser (ast)
• Basque: izan
• Belarusian: быць (be) (bycʹ) (present tense seldom used)
• Bulgarian: съм (bg) (sǎm)
• Catalan: ésser (ca), ser (ca)
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 是 (zh) (shì), (absent with adjectives)

• Czech: být (cs)
• Danish: være (da)
• Dutch: zijn (nl)
• Emilian: êser
• Esperanto: esti (eo)
• Estonian: olema (et)
• Finnish: olla (fi)
• French: être (fr)
• German: sein (de)
• Greek: είμαι (el) (eímai)

  Ancient: εἰμί (eimí) (or no verb)

• Haitian Creole: se
• Hindi: होना (hi) (honā)
• Icelandic: vera (is)
• Irish: is (ga)
• Italian: essere (it)
• Japanese: です (ja) (desu), である (ja) (dearu), だ (ja) (da), ^{(please verify)} をやる (o yaru)
• Korean: 이다 (ko) (ida)
• Latin: sum (la)
• Ligurian: êse
• Lithuanian: būti (lt)
• Macedonian: е (mk) impf (e)
• Malay: ialah (ms)

  Jawi: اياله

• Middle English: been
• Navajo: átʼé, nilį́
• Ngazidja Comorian: ukaya
• Norman: être
• Norwegian:

  Norwegian Bokmål: være (no)

  Norwegian Nynorsk: vera (nn), vere (nn)

• Old Church Slavonic:

  Cyrillic: бꙑти impf (byti)

• Old Turkic: 𐰼 (r² /⁠er-⁠/)
• Persian: بودَن (fa) (budan)
• Polish: być (pl)
• Portuguese: ser (pt)
• Romanian: fi (ro)
• Russian: быть (ru) (bytʹ) (present tense seldom used), явля́ться (ru) (javljátʹsja)
• Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic: би̏ти impf

  Roman: bȉti (sh) impf

• Slovak: byť (sk)
• Slovene: biti (sl)
• Sorbian:

  Lower Sorbian: byś

• Spanish: ser (es)
• Swedish: vara (sv)
• Thai: เป็น (th) (bpen), (absent with adjectives)
• Tibetan: please add this translation if you can
• Urdu: ہونا (honā)
• Vietnamese: là (vi), (absent with adjectives)
• Welsh: bod (cy)
• Zhuang: please add this translation if you can

used to connect a noun to an adjective that describes it

• Arabic: كَانَ (ar) (kāna)
• Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܗܵܘܹܐ (hawe)
• Asturian: ser (ast), tar (ast), ser (ast), ser (ast), tar (ast)
• Azerbaijani: *imək
• Basque: izan, egon
• Belarusian: быць (be) (bycʹ) (present tense seldom used)
• Bulgarian: съм (bg) (sǎm)
• Catalan: ésser (ca), ser (ca), estar (ca)
• Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵉⵍⵉ (ili)
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: not used in Mandarin

• Chuukese: mi
• Czech: být (cs)
• Danish: være (da)
• Dutch: zijn (nl)
• Egyptian: not used in Egyptian
• Emilian: êser
• Esperanto: esti (eo)
• Estonian: olema (et)
• Finnish: olla (fi)
• French: être (fr)
• Galician: ser (gl), estar (gl)
• German: sein (de)
• Greek: είμαι (el) (eímai)

  Ancient: εἰμί (eimí) (or no verb), ἔχω (ékhō) + (an adverb equivalent to the adjective)

• Hebrew: הוא (he) m (hu), היא (he) f (hi), הם (he) m pl (hem), הן (he) f pl (hen), הָיָה (he) (hayá) (past)
• Hindi: होना (hi) (honā)
• Icelandic: vera (is)
• Ido: esar (io)
• Ingrian: olla
• Irish: bí

  Old Irish: at·tá

• Italian: essere (it)
• Japanese: not used in Japanese
• Kabyle: d
• Korean: not used in Korean
• Latin: sum (la)
• Latvian: būt (lv)
• Lithuanian: būti (lt)
• Macedonian: е (mk) (e)
• Malay: adalah (ms)

  Jawi: اداله

• Manx: bee
• Middle English: been
• Norman: être
• Norwegian:

  Norwegian Bokmål: være (no)

  Norwegian Nynorsk: vera (nn), vere (nn)

• Old Church Slavonic:

  Cyrillic: бꙑти impf (byti)

• Pennsylvania German: sei
• Persian: بودَن (fa) (budan)
• Polish: być (pl)
• Portuguese: ser (pt), estar (pt)
• Romanian: fi (ro)
• Russian: быть (ru) impf (bytʹ) (present tense seldom used)
• Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic: би̏ти impf

  Roman: bȉti (sh) impf

• Slovak: byť (sk)
• Slovene: biti (sl)
• Sorbian:

  Lower Sorbian: byś

• Spanish: ser (es), estar (es)
• Swedish: vara (sv)
• Thai: not used in Thai
• Turkish: *imek
• Ukrainian: бу́ти (uk) (búty)
• Urdu: ہونا (honā)
• Uzbek: *emoq
• Vietnamese: (optional with adjectives only) thì (vi)
• Welsh: bod (cy)
• Yiddish: זײַן (zayn)

used to indicate that the subject has the qualities described by a noun or noun phrase

• Arabic: كَانَ (ar) (kāna) (present tense seldom used; often in place of present tense) هُوَ (ar) (huwa), هِيَ (ar) (hiya)

  Egyptian Arabic: يبقى m (yebʔā)

• Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܗܵܘܹܐ (hawe)
• Asturian: ser (ast)
• Azerbaijani: *imək
• Basque: izan
• Belarusian: быць (be) impf (bycʹ)
• Bulgarian: съм (bg) impf (sǎm)
• Catalan: ésser (ca), ser (ca)
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 是 (zh) (shì)

• Czech: být (cs) impf
• Danish: være (da)
• Dutch: zijn (nl)
• Emilian: êser
• Esperanto: esti (eo)
• Estonian: olema (et)
• Finnish: olla (fi)
• French: être (fr)
• German: sein (de)
• Greek: είμαι (el) (eímai)

  Ancient: εἰμί (eimí) (or with no verb)

• Hindi: होना (hi) (honā)
• Ingrian: olla
• Irish: is (ga)
• Italian: essere (it)
• Japanese: です (ja) (desu), である (ja) (dearu), だ (ja) (da)
• Korean: 이다 (ko) (ida)
• Latin: sum (la)
• Lithuanian: būti (lt)
• Macedonian: е (mk) impf (e)
• Middle English: been
• Norman: être
• Norwegian:

  Norwegian Bokmål: være (no)

  Norwegian Nynorsk: vera (nn), vere (nn)

• Old Church Slavonic:

  Cyrillic: бꙑти impf (byti)

• Pennsylvania German: sei
• Persian: بودَن (fa) (budan)
• Polish: być (pl) impf
• Portuguese: ser (pt), estar (pt)
• Romanian: fi (ro)
• Russian: быть (ru) impf (bytʹ)
• Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic: би̏ти impf

  Roman: bȉti (sh) impf

• Slovak: byť (sk) impf
• Slovene: biti (sl) impf
• Sorbian:

  Lower Sorbian: byś

• Spanish: ser (es)
• Swedish: vara (sv)
• Thai: เป็น (th) (bpen)
• Turkish: *imek
• Ukrainian: бу́ти (uk) impf (búty)
• Urdu: ہونا (honā)
• Uzbek: *emoq
• Vietnamese: là (vi)
• Welsh: bod (cy)
• Zhuang: please add this translation if you can

used to link a subject to a count or measurement

• Catalan: fer (ca), ésser (ca), ser (ca)
• Finnish: olla (fi)
• Galician: medir (gl)
• German: sein (de)
• Polish: mieć (pl)
• Portuguese: ter (pt)
• Slovak: byť (sk) impf
• Spanish: ser (es)

used to indicate weather, air quality, or the like

• Asturian: facer (ast)
• Catalan: fer (ca)
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: not used in Mandarin

• Czech: být (cs) impf
• Danish: være (da)
• Dutch: zijn (nl)
• Esperanto: esti (eo)
• Estonian: olema (et)
• Finnish: olla (fi)
• French: faire (fr)
• German: sein (de)
• Greek: κάνει (el) (kánei), έχει (el) (échei)
• Icelandic: vera (is)
• Irish: bí, is (ga)
• Japanese: です (ja) (desu), である (ja) (dearu), だ (ja) (da)
• Latin: sum (la)
• Macedonian: е (mk) impf (e)
• Middle English: been
• Norwegian:

  Norwegian Bokmål: være (no)

  Norwegian Nynorsk: vera (nn), vere (nn)

• Persian: بودَن (fa) (budan)
• Polish: być (pl)
• Portuguese: fazer (pt), estar (pt)
• Romanian: fi (ro)
• Russian: (adverbs) (e.g. темно, холодно, жарко)
• Slovak: byť (sk) impf
• Swedish: vara (sv)
• Vietnamese: có (vi)
• Welsh: bod (cy)

intransitive, non-copulative: exist

• Albanian: jam (sq)
• Arabic: كَانَ (ar) (kāna)

  Egyptian Arabic: موجود (mawgūd)

• Armenian: լինել (hy) (linel)
• Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܗܵܘܹܐ (hawe)
• Asturian: ser (ast)
• Avar: букӏине (bukʼine)
• Azerbaijani: var (az)
• Balinese: ada
• Basque: izan
• Belarusian: быць (be) (bycʹ)
• Bengali: হওয়া (bn) (hoōẇa)
• Breton: bezañ (br)
• Bulgarian: съм (bg) (sǎm)
• Buryat: байха (bajxa)
• Catalan: haver-hi (ca), existir (ca)
• Cebuano: nangin
• Chechen: хила (xila)
• Chinese:

  Dungan: ю (i͡u), зэ (ze)

  Mandarin: 是 (zh) (shì), 有 (zh) (yǒu), 存在 (zh) (cúnzài), 在 (zh)

• Cornish: bos
• Czech: být (cs) impf
• Danish: være (da), være til
• Dutch: zijn (nl), bestaan (nl)
• Egyptian: (wnn)
• Emilian: êsreg
• Esperanto: ekzisti (eo), esti (eo)
• Estonian: olema (et)
• Even: би- (ʙi-)
• Evenki: би- (bi-)
• Faroese: vera (fo), finnast
• Finnish: olla (fi), olla olemassa
• Franco-Provençal: étre
• French: être (fr)
• Galician: ser (gl)
• Georgian: არსებობა (arseboba), არსებობს (arsebobs) (infinitive)
• German: sein (de), existieren (de)

  Alemannic German: sii

• Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (wisan)
• Greek: υπάρχω (el) (ypárcho)

  Ancient: εἰμί (eimí), ὑπάρχω (hupárkhō), ὑπόκειμαι (hupókeimai), συμβαίνω (sumbaínō)

• Greenlandic: a
• Hebrew: הָיָה (he) (hayá)
• Hiligaynon: kamao, pagkamao
• Hindi: होना (hi) (honā)
• Icelandic: vera (is)
• Ido: existar (io)
• Indonesian: ada (id)
• Ingrian: olla
• Ingush: хила (xila)
• Irish: bí

  Old Irish: at·tá

• Italian: essere (it), esserci (it)
• Japanese: 在る (ja) (aru), 存在する (ja) (そんざいする, sonzai suru), いる (ja) (iru), いらっしゃる (ja) (irassharu) (honorific)
• Jarawa: ʈʰi
• Kashmiri: آسُن (āsun)
• Khmer: ជា (km) (ciə), គឺ (km) (kɨɨ), មាន (km) (miən)
• Korean: 있다 (ko) (itda), 존재하다 (ko) (jonjaehada), 계시다 (ko) (gyesida) (honorific)
• Kurdish:

  Northern Kurdish: bûn (ku), hebûn (ku)

• Ladin: vester
• Lao: ຢູ່ (yū)
• Latin: sum (la)
• Latvian: būt (lv)
• Ligurian: êse
• Lithuanian: būti (lt)
• Low German:

  German Low German: wesen (nds) (dialectal), sien (nds) (dialectal); bestahn, existeren

• Lü: please add this translation if you can
• Macedonian: е (mk) (e), по́стои (póstoi)
• Malay: ada (ms)

  Jawi: اد

• Manchu: ᠪᡳᠮᠪᡳ (bimbi)
• Manx: bee
• Mazanderani: بیه‌ن (biyen), دأیه‌ن (dayen)
• Middle English: been
• Mòcheno: sai'
• Mongolian:

  Cyrillic: байх (mn) (bajx)

• Nanai: би- (bi-)
• Ngazidja Comorian: ukaya
• Norman: être
• Norwegian:

  Norwegian Bokmål: være (no)

  Norwegian Nynorsk: vera (nn), vere (nn)

• Occitan: èsser (oc)
• Odia: ହେବା (or) (heba)
• Old Church Slavonic:

  Cyrillic: бꙑти impf (byti)

• Old English: wesan (ang)
• Ossetian: уын (wyn)
• Papiamentu: ta
• Pennsylvania German: sei
• Persian: بودَن (fa) (budan), تشریف داشتن (tašrif dâštan)
• Pipil: nemi
• Polish: być (pl)
• Portuguese: ser (pt), haver (pt), existir (pt)
• Quechua: kai
• Romani: si
• Romanian: fi (ro), exista (ro)
• Russian: быть (ru) impf (bytʹ) (present tense seldom used), существова́ть (ru) impf (suščestvovátʹ)
• Sanskrit: अस्ति (sa) (asti), भवति (sa) (bhavati)
• Sardinian: essere, essere
• Saterland Frisian: weze
• Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic: би̏ти impf, постојати impf

  Roman: bȉti (sh) impf, postojati (sh) impf

• Slovak: byť (sk)
• Slovene: biti (sl)
• Somali: jirid (so)
• Sorbian:

  Lower Sorbian: byś

• Spanish: ser (es), existir (es), haber (es)
• Swedish: vara (sv), existera (sv), finnas (sv), finnas till, vara till (sv)
• Tagalog: maging
• Tamil: இரு (ta) (iru), உள் (ta) (uḷ), ^{(please verify)} நிலவு (ta) (nilavu)
• Telugu: ఉండు (te) (uṇḍu)
• Tetum: iha
• Thai: มีอยู่ (mii-yùu), อยู่ (th) (yùu)
• Turkish: var (tr)
• Ukrainian: бу́ти (uk) (búty)
• Urdu: ہونا (honā)
• Venetian: èser (vec)
• Vietnamese: có (vi)
• Volapük: binön (vo)
• Welsh: bod (cy)
• Yakut: баар (baar)
• Zazaki: est
• Zhuang: please add this translation if you can

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

Translations to be checked

• Ancient Greek: ^{(please verify)} εἰμί (eimí)
• Breton: ^{(please verify)} bezañ (br)
• Ido: ^{(please verify)} esar (io), ^{(please verify)} existar (io)
• Interlingua: ^{(please verify)} esser (ia), ^{(please verify)} ser (ia)
• Kannada: ^{(please verify)} ಇರ (kn) (ira)
• Kurdish:

  Northern Kurdish: ^{(please verify)} bûn (ku)

• Maltese: ^{(please verify)} nkun, ^{(please verify)} tkun
• Occitan: ^{(please verify)} èsser (oc)
• Old English: ^{(please verify)} bēon, ^{(please verify)} wesan (ang)
• Old Norse: ^{(please verify)} vera
• Romansch: ^{(please verify)} esser, ^{(please verify)} star
• Vietnamese: (usually omitted when intransitive) ^{(please verify)} là (vi)