Egyptian [ edit ]
Etymology 1 [ edit ]
Pronunciation [ edit ]
Pronoun [ edit ]
m sg 3. stressed (‘independent’) pronoun
he , him (see usage notes)
Usage notes [ edit ]
Unlike the suffix pronouns and dependent pronouns , the independent pronouns are not tied to any other element of the sentence. Nevertheless, the meaning of an independent pronoun depends on context:
After an infinitive, it is the subject of the verb.
Before a noun, its meaning can be ambiguous:
In the first and second person, it could be the subject of a noun phrase.
Alternatively, in all persons, it can be the predicate of a noun phrase.
If the noun is a participle, then in all persons it could be either the subject or the predicate of a noun phrase.
If the demonstrative pronoun pw is placed between the pronoun and the noun, the pronoun is definitely the predicate .
Before an adjective, in the first person only, it is the subject of an adjectival phrase.
When the independent pronoun is the subject it may, but does not always, indicate an emphasised subject .
Inflection [ edit ]
Old Egyptian personal pronouns
number
first person
second person
third person
masculine
feminine
masculine
feminine
suffix pronouns
singular
∅ , .j
.k , .kj 1
.ṯ , .ṯn
.f , .fj 1
.s , .sj 1
dual
.nj
.ṯnj
.snj
plural
.n
.ṯn
.sn
enclitic (‘dependent’) pronouns
singular
w , wj , wy
kw , k , ṯw , ṯ
ṯm , ṯn
sw , s
s
dual
—
ṯnj
snj
plural
n
ṯn
sn
stressed (‘independent’) pronouns
singular
jnk
ṯwt
ṯmt
swt
stt
dual
—
—
ntsnj
plural
—
ntṯn
ntsn , jntsn
stative (‘pseudoparticiple’) endings
singular
.kj , .k
.tj , .t
∅ , .j
.tj , .t
dual
—
.tjwn
.wy , .wj
.ty
plural
.wn , .nw
∅ , .w , .y , .wy
.tj , .t
Only when attached to a dual noun or prospective participle.
Middle Egyptian personal pronouns
number
first person
second person
third person
masculine
feminine
masculine
feminine
suffix pronouns
singular
∅ , .j
.k , .kj 1
.ṯ , .t
.f , .fj 1
.s , .sj 1
dual2
.nj
.ṯnj , .tnj
.snj
plural
.n
.ṯn , .tn
.sn , .w 3
enclitic (‘dependent’) pronouns
singular
wj , w
ṯw , tw
ṯn , tn
sw , st
sj , s , st
plural
n
ṯn , tn
sn , st
stressed (‘independent’) pronouns
singular
jnk
ntk , ṯwt 2
ntṯ , ntt , ṯwt 2
ntf , swt 2
nts , swt 2
plural
jnn 3
ntṯn , nttn
ntsn
stative (‘pseudoparticiple’) endings
singular
.kw
.tj , .t , .tw 3
∅ , .w
.tj , .t , .tw 3
plural
.wn , .wjn
.tjwn , .tjwnj
∅ , .w , .y
proclitic (‘subject form’) pronouns3
singular
tw.j
tw.k
tw.t
sw
sj , st
plural
tw.n
tw.tn
st
Only when attached to a dual noun or prospective participle.
Only in formal texts, especially religious texts.
Only in postclassical (Neo-Middle Egyptian ) texts.
Late Egyptian personal pronouns
number
first person
second person
third person
masculine
feminine
masculine
feminine
suffix pronouns
singular
∅ , .j
.k , .kw
.t
.f , .fj
.s , .st , .sw
plural
.n
.tn , .twn
.w , .sn 1
enclitic (‘dependent’) pronouns1
singular
wj
tw , tj
sw , st
plural
n , wn
twn
sn , st
stressed (‘independent’) pronouns
singular
jnk
mntk , mtwk
mntt , mtwy
mntf
mntst , mntjst
plural
jnn
mnttn
mntw
stative (‘pseudoparticiple’) endings1
singular
.kw , .k
.tj , .tw
∅ , .w , .y
.tj , .tw
plural
.nw
.tn
∅ , .w , .y
unmarked (later)
∅ , .tw
proclitic (‘subject form’) pronouns
singular
tw.j
tw.k
tw.t
sw
st , sw
plural
tw.n
tw.tn
st , sw , swt
Only in formal texts, especially religious texts.
Derived terms [ edit ]
Descendants [ edit ]
Akhmimic Coptic: ⲛⲧⲁϥ ( ntaf )
Bohairic Coptic: ⲛⲑⲟϥ ( nthof )
Fayyumic Coptic: ⲛⲧⲁϥ ( ntaf )
Sahidic Coptic: ⲛ̄ⲧⲟϥ ( n̄tof )
Etymology 2 [ edit ]
Pronunciation [ edit ]
3-lit.
( transitive ) to besprinkle , to water (a plot of land )
Inflection [ edit ]
Conjugation of ntf (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: ntf , geminated stem: ntff
infinitival forms
imperative
infinitive
negatival complement
complementary infinitive1
singular
plural
ntf
ntfw , ntf
ntft
ntf
ntf
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem
periphrastic imperfective 2
periphrastic prospective 2
ntf
ḥr ntf
m ntf
r ntf
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood
active
passive
contingent
aspect / mood
active
passive
perfect
ntf.n
ntfw , ntf
consecutive
ntf.jn
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
terminative
ntft
perfective 3
ntf
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
obligative1
ntf.ḫr
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
imperfective
ntf
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
prospective 3
ntf
ntff
potentialis1
ntf.kꜣ
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
subjunctive
ntf
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
participles
active
passive
active
passive
perfect
ntf.n
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
—
—
perfective
ntf
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
ntf
ntf , ntfw 5 , ntfy 5
imperfective
ntf , ntfy , ntfw 5
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
ntf , ntfj 6 , ntfy 6
ntf , ntfw 5
prospective
ntf , ntftj 7
—
ntftj 4 , ntft 4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f /.fj , feminine .s /.sj , dual .sn /.snj , plural .sn .
Only in the masculine singular.
Only in the masculine.
Only in the feminine.
Alternative forms [ edit ]
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ntf
ntf
ntf
[since the Old Kingdom]
References [ edit ]
James P[eter] Allen (2010 ) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs , 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN , page 52 .
Erman, Adolf , Grapow, Hermann (1928 ) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache [1] , volume 2, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN , pages 356.6–356.8
Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962 ) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian , Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN , page 142
^ Loprieno, Antonio (1995 ) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN , page 65