section 1[edit]

Active:

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱel-..^[1]

Root[edit]

*Sandbox4 (perfective)^[1]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

to hear

Extensions[edit]

Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱlews-.

Derived terms[edit]

Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 96: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Prahlad balaji/Sandbox4' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page

Proto-Indo-European: *ḱléw-t ~ *ḱl̥w-ént (athematic root aorist)
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: լուաւ (luaw)
- (perhaps) Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *slùti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: κλῦτε (klûte)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háćrawt
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háśrawt
    - Sanskrit: अश्रोत् (áśrot)
  - Proto-Iranian: *cráwt
    - Avestan: 𐬯𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬙𐬏 (sraotū, 3sg.aor.act.impv.)
Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
- Proto-Hellenic: *kleyyō
  - Ancient Greek: κλείω (kleíō), κλῄω (klḗiō); κληΐω (klēḯō)
    - Greek: κλείω (kleío), κλείνω (kleíno)
    , Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry κλέω.
Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
- Proto-Hellenic: *kluyō
  - Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry κλύω.
Proto-Indo-European: *ḱl̥-né-w-ti ~ *ḱl̥-n-w-énti (nasal-infix present)
- Proto-Celtic: *klinutor (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćr̥náwti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Tocharian: *klän-
  - Tocharian A: käln-
  - Tocharian B: käln-
Proto-Indo-European: *ḱe-ḱlów-e ~ *ḱe-ḱl̥w-ḗr (stative)
- Celtic:
  - Proto-Brythonic: *kiglow (preterite of *klüwid)
  - Old Irish: ro·cúalae
    - Irish: chuala
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćućrā́wa
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śuśrā́wa
    - Sanskrit: शुश्राव (śuśrā́va)
  - Proto-Iranian: *cucrā́wa
    - Avestan: 𐬯𐬏𐬯𐬭𐬏𐬨𐬀 (sūsrūma)
^[5]^[8]^[6]
Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.^[5]^[7]^[6]
- Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
  - Latvian: sluvêt
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćr̥wáHti
  - Proto-Iranian: *cr̥wáHti
    - Avestan: 𐬯𐬭𐬎𐬌𐬌𐬉 (sruiiē)
- Proto-Italic: *kluēō (“to be known”)
  - Latin: clueō
  - South Picene: 𐌊𐌃𐌖𐌝𐌞 (kduíú, 1sg. present)
  - Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry clueo.
- Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
- Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry quaj. (from earlier *kluaj)
Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.^[5]^[6]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćrāwáyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śrāwáyati
    - Sanskrit: श्रावयति (śrāváyati)
      - Kashmiri: ہاوُن (hāvun, “to show”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *crāwáyati
    - Younger Avestan: Avestan: 𐬯𐬭𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (srāuuaiieⁱti)
Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
- Proto-Germanic: *hleumô (“hearing”)
  - Gothic: 𐌷𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌼𐌰 (hliuma)
  (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćráwma
  - Proto-Iranian: *cráwma
    - Avestan: 𐬯𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬨𐬀𐬥 (sraoman, “hearing”)
Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
- Proto-Germanic: *hleumundaz
  - Proto-West Germanic: *hleumund
    - Old Saxon: *hliumand
      - Middle Low German: lǖmunt, lîmunt
      - ⇒ Old Saxon: *hliumandig
        ⇒ Old Saxon: mishliumandig
    - Old Dutch: *liumund
      - Middle Dutch: lumont
    - Old High German: hliumunt, liumunt
      - Middle High German: liumunt
        German: Leumund
  (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćráwmatam
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śráwmatam
    - Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry श्रोमत.
Proto-Indo-European: *ḱléw-os ~ *ḱléw-es-os
- Proto-Albanian: *klāusnja (denominative)^[9]
  - Albanian: quaj
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ślā́ˀwāˀ (*ew > *ow / _V)^[10]^[11]
  - Latvian: slava, slave (“rumor, reputation, fame”)
  - Lithuanian: šlãvė (“honor, respect, fame”)
  - Proto-Slavic: *slava (“fame”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *klowos^[12] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *hlewaz
  - Proto-Norse: *ᚺᛚᛖᚹᚨᛉ (*hlewaʀ)
    - ⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚺᛚᛖᚹᚨᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ (hlewagastiʀ)^[13]
- Proto-Hellenic: *kléwos^[14] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćráwas (see there for further descendants)
Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required. (< **ḱlew-es-s)
- Proto-Hellenic: *kléwēs
  - Ancient Greek: -κλέης (-kléēs, “fame, glory”), Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry -κλῆς., used in Greek male given names, such as Ancient Greek: Ἡρακλῆς (Hēraklês), Ἡρακλέης (Hērakléēs), Ancient Greek: Περικλῆς (Periklês), Περικλέης (Perikléēs)
    - Greek: Περικλής (Periklís)
    - → Latin: Perīclēs
Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ślaušás
  - Proto-Slavic: *sluxъ (“hearing, rumor”)
    - East Slavic:
      - Old East Slavic: слухъ (sluxŭ)
        Belarusian: слых (slyx)
        Russian: слух (slux)
        Ukrainian: слух (slux)
    - South Slavic:
      - Old Church Slavonic:
        Cyrillic: слоухъ (sluxŭ)
        Glagolitic: ⱄⰾⱆⱈⱏ (sluxŭ)
      - Bulgarian: слух (sluh)
      - Macedonian: слух (sluh)
      - Serbo-Croatian:
        Cyrillic script: слу̑х
        Latin script: slȗh
      - Slovene: slȗh (tonal orthography)
    - West Slavic:
      - Old Czech: sluch
        Czech: sluch
      - Polish: słuch
      - Slovak: sluch
    (see there for further descendants)
Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćrútiš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śrútiṣ
    - Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry श्रुति.^[15]
Proto-Indo-European: *ḱlu-tó-s (“heard, famous”)
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: լու (lu)
- Proto-Celtic: *klutom (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *hlūdaz (with unetymological long -ū-) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *klutós
  - Ancient Greek: κλυτός (klutós)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćrutás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śrutás
    - Sanskrit: श्रुत (śrutá) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *klutos
  - ⇒ Proto-Italic: *enklutos
    - Latin: inclutus, inclitus (see there for further descendants)
Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
- Hellenic:
  - Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry κλειτός.
Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
- Proto-Germanic: *hleuþrą (“noise”)
  - Proto-West Germanic: *hleuþr
    - Old English: hlēoþor
    - Old High German: liodar
  - Old Norse: hljóðr
    - Icelandic: hljóður
  (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćráwtram
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śráwtram
    - Sanskrit: श्रोत्र (śrótra, “ear”)
      - Pali: sota
      - Prakrit: 𑀲𑁄𑀅 (soa)
      - → Hindi: श्रोत्र (śrotra) (learned)
      (see there for further descendants)
Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
- Old Armenian: լսեմ (lsem)
  - Armenian: լսել (lsel)
Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
- Old Armenian: լուռ (luṙ)
  - Armenian: լուռ (luṙ)
Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
- Proto-Celtic: *kloustā
  - Proto-Brythonic: *klʉst
    - Middle Welsh: clust
      - Welsh: clust
  - Old Irish: clúas
    - Irish: cluas
    - Manx: cleaysh
    - Scottish Gaelic: cluas
Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required. or Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
- Old Armenian: լուր (lur)
  - Armenian: լուր (lur)
Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ślā́ˀwāˀ
  - Latvian: slava, slāve, slavs
  - Lithuanian: šlovė̃
  - Samogitian: šlóvė
  - Proto-Slavic: *slava (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Slavic: *slava (“fame”)
    - East Slavic:
      - Old East Slavic: слава (slava)
        Old Ruthenian: сла́ва (sláva)
        Belarusian: сла́ва (sláva)
        Carpathian Rusyn: сла́ва (sláva)
        Ukrainian: сла́ва (sláva)
        Russian: сла́ва (sláva)
    - South Slavic:
      - Old Church Slavonic:
        Cyrillic: слава (slava)
        Glagolitic: ⱄⰾⰰⰲⰰ (slava)
      - Bulgarian: слава (slava)
      - Macedonian: слава (slava)
      - Serbo-Croatian:
        Cyrillic script: сла̏ва
        Latin script: slȁva
      - Slovene: sláva (tonal orthography)
    - West Slavic:
      - Old Czech: sláva
        Czech: sláva
        Moravian (Mistřice): su̯áva
      - Kashubian: sława, słôwa
      - Polish: sława
      - Silesian: sława
      - Slovincian: slawa
      - Slovak: sláva
      - Sorbian:
        Lower Sorbian: sława
        Upper Sorbian: sława
    - → Romanian: slavă
    (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry klausyti.
  - Proto-Slavic: *slyšati (“to hear”)
    - East Slavic:
      - Old Ruthenian: слышати (slyšati), слышѣти (slyšěti), слыхати (slyxati)
        Belarusian: слыха́ць (slyxácʹ)
        Ukrainian: слиша́ти (slyšáty), слиха́ти (slyxáty)
      - Russian: слы́шать (slýšatʹ), слыха́ть (slyxátʹ)
    - South Slavic:
      - Old Church Slavonic: слꙑшати (slyšati)
      - Serbo-Croatian:
        Cyrillic script: сли̏шати (obsolete)
        Latin script: slȉšati (obsolete)
      - Slovene: slíšati (tonal orthography)
    - West Slavic:
      - Old Czech: slyšěti, słyšěti
        Czech: slyšet
      - Old Polish: słyszeć
        Masurian: słisécz
        Polish: słyszeć
        Silesian: słyszeć
      - Slovak: slyšať
      - Polabian: slåisot
      - Pomeranian:
        Slovincian: słëszec
      - Sorbian:
        Upper Sorbian: słyšeć
        Lower Sorbian: słyšaś
    (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Slavic: *slušati (“to listen”)
    - East Slavic:
      - Old East Slavic: слушати (slušati)
        Russian: слу́шать (slúšatʹ)
    - South Slavic:
      - Old Church Slavonic:
        Old Cyrillic script: слоушати (slušati)
        Glagolitic script: [Term?]
      - Bulgarian: слу́шам (slúšam)
      - Macedonian: слуша (sluša)
      - Serbo-Croatian:
        Cyrillic script: слу̏шати
        Latin script: slȕšati
      - Slovene: slúšati (tonal orthography)
    - West Slavic:
      - Old Czech: slušěti
        Czech: slušet
      - Old Polish: słuszać, słuszeć
      - Slovak: slušať
      - Sorbian:
        Upper Sorbian: słušeć
        Lower Sorbian: słušaś
    (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Slavic: *slynǫti, Proto-Slavic: *slyti (“to have a reputation”) (see there for further descendants)
- Indo-Iranian:
  - Sanskrit: श्रोषति (śroṣati, “to listen, obey”)
- Proto-Celtic: *klusīti
  - Brithonic:
    - Middle Breton: clevet
      - Breton: klevet
    - Cornish: klywes
    - Middle Welsh: clywet, clybot
      - Welsh: clywed, clybod
  - Gaulish: cluiou (1st pers. sg. pres.)
  (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *hlusjaną, Proto-Germanic: *hlusinōną (“to hear, listen”) (see there for further descendants)

Descendants[edit]

Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry श्रु.

References[edit]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “I. k̑leu-, k̑leu̯ə-, k̑lū-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 605-606
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*swe- ‘self, own’”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 361
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Beekes
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named de Vaan
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*k̑leu̯-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 334-335
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*srau”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 356-357
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Template:R:itc:EDdesctree
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*kli-nu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 208
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “quaj ~ quej”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 363
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 452
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 454
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 210–211
^ Fortson, Benjamin W. (2010) Indo-european language and culture: an introduction, 2nd edition, Wiley, →ISBN, page 350
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κλέος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 712-713
^ Rolf Noyer (2000's) “Indo-Iranian”, in Proto-Indo-European Language and Society Indo-Iranian‎^[1]

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Reconstruction[edit]

The presence of the laryngeal is confirmed by the -h- in Sanskrit ahám. Instead of the unknown medial laryngeal *-H-, *-h₂- is often reconstructed here on the basis of Proto-Indo-Iranian: *aȷ́ʰám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *aźʰám
- Sanskrit: अहम् (ahám) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Iranian: *ajám (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Nuristani: *ā́nja, *ā́na (both from earlier *áȷ́nam with intrusive nasal)
- Northern Nuristani: *ā́njə
  - Kamkata-viri:
    Kamviri: ṍć
    Kativiri: úze
  - Prasuni: unzú, unźū́
- Southern Nuristani: *ā̃́ɣa (< *ā́naga; *-ga possibly from *gʰe)
  - Ashkun: ái (< *ā̃́yə < *ā̃́ɣa)
  - Tregami: é (< *ā̃́yə < *ā̃́ɣa)
  - Waigali: ëṅë, ëkë (< *ā́ṅa < *ā̃́ɣa)

assimilation, but there is no secure evidence that would prove such assumption.

Three forms can be reconstructed formally for the nominative singular, using the comparative method:

*éǵ (Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry 𒌑𒊌., Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ēź-
- East Baltic: *eš
  - Old Latvian: *eš
    - Latgalian: es, (archaic) as
    - Latvian: es
  - Old Lithuanian: eš
    - Lithuanian: aš
- West Baltic:
  - Old Prussian: es, as
  - Sudovian: as
- Proto-Slavic: *(j)azъ (see there for further descendants)
, Proto-Balto-Slavic: *eś, Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ēˀźun, Old Lithuanian eš, Old Prussian: es/Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry as., Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry es., Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/(j)azъ., Avestan azə)
*eǵh₂óm (Sanskrit ahám, Avestan azə̄m, OCS azъ, Homeric Greek Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry ἐγών.)
*eǵóH (Latin Latin: egō, eco; eo
- Sardinian: dego, deo, deu, ego, eo, eu
, Greek Ancient Greek: ἐγώ (egṓ), ἐγών (egṓn); ἰώ (iṓ), ἱών (hiṓn); ἔγω (égō)
- Greek: εγώ (egó)
- Tsakonian: εζού (ezoú)
- Italiot Greek:
  Greek: εβώ
  Latin: evò
- Mariupol Greek: го (ho), эго́ (ehó)
- Pontic Greek: εγώ (egó)
- Yevanic: אֶגֿוֹ (ʾeḡo)
- → Old Sicilian: igù
  - >? Sicilian: jù
, Venetic Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry 𐌄𐌙𐌏.)

There seem to be no grounds for assuming an initial *h₁ in the nominative singular (although it is not impossible) or a final *-H in the form *éǵ. The form *éǵ is obviously the most archaic one, with *eǵHóm and *eǵóh₂ being younger, dialectal variants. The sandhi form of *éǵ - *éḱ, with a final devoiced plosive, is attested in Baltic (Old Prussian Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry as., Old Prussian: es) and apparently in the Hittite variant Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry 𒌑𒊌..

Pronoun[edit]

*Sandbox4 (pluradesctree *wéy)

I (first-person pronoun)

Declension[edit]

Andrew Sihler's reconstruction
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
accusative	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
genitive	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required. (adj.)	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
ablative	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
dative	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
Notes
Oblique pl. n̥s- possibly continues earlier m̥s- (same element of sg. oblique stem with pl. s). This n was made common to the whole paradigm, with even enclitic nos for mos, but the verb endings -me(dʰh₂), -mos(dʰh₂) were not disturbed.^[1] Dat. mégʰi for *mébʰi is attested in Italic and Indic, but not in Iranian, as Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬠𐬫𐬁 (maibyā). Also Sanskrit: मह्यम् (máhyam) Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀫𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀁 (majjhaṃ), 𑀫𑀳𑀁 (mahaṃ) Old Marathi: maja, mājhe Devanagari script: मज, माझे Modi script: 𑘦𑘕, 𑘦𑘰𑘖𑘹 Marathi: माझे (mājhe) Sauraseni Apabhramsa: मज्झु Hindustani: mujh Hindi: मुझ Urdu: مُجھ Sindhi: Devanagari script: मुहिंॼो m sg (muhinjjo, “my, mine”) Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀫𑀚𑁆𑀛 (majjha) Sauraseni Apabhramsa: मज्झु Hindustani: Hindi: मुझ (mujh) Urdu: مُجھ (mujh) may be from original -bʰ-, as this sometimes becomes Indic -h- (even more here by dissimilation from initial m-).^[2]

Donald Ringe's reconstruction
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
accusative	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
genitive	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
dative	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.

Alwin Kloekhorst's reconstruction
Proto-Nuclear-Indo-European	singular	plural
nominative	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
accusative	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
genitive	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
dative	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
oblique	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
Outer-Anatolian IE	singular	plural
nominative	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
oblique	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
enclitic	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
Proto-Indo-European	singular	plural
nominative	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
accusative	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
oblique	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.

Robert Beekes' reconstruction
	singular	plural
nominative	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
accusative	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
genitive	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
ablative	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
dative	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
locative	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
instrumental	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
poss. adj.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.

Frederik Kortlandt's reconstruction
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
accusative	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
genitive	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
ablative	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
dative	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
locative	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
poss. adj.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.

Michiel de Vaan's reconstruction
	singular	plural
nominative	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
accusative	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
genitive-locative	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
ablative	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
dative	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
poss. adj.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.	Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.

Alternative forms[edit]

Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/eǵh₂óm.

Derived terms[edit]

Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
- Hellenic:
  - Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry ἐμός.
Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required. (from gen. *méme, with loss of second m)?, Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required. (contaminated by *tewos, *sewos)?, Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required. (from dat. *mey)?
- Proto-Italic: *meos
  - Latin: meus
  - Oscan: miio (feminine nominative singular)
  - Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 208: No Descendants section was found in the entry meos under the header for Latin.
    - Latin: meus, meos
      - Aromanian: njeu, meu, nja, njei, njali
      - Asturian: mio, míu, mía, míos, míes
      - Old Catalan: meu, mia, meus, mies; (from unstressed) mon, ma, mos, mes
        Catalan: meu, meva, meus, meves; mon, ma, mos, mes
      - Dalmatian: mi, maja
      - French: mon, ma, mes; mien, mienne, miens, miennes
      - Friulian: gno, mê, miei, mês
      - Galician: meu, miña, meus, miñas; (from unstressed) mi
      - Istriot: meîo, mio, meîa
      - Italian: mio, mia, miei, mie
      - Mirandese: miu, mie, mius, mies
      - Mozarabic: מו (mw), מיו (myw)
      - Occitan: meu, meuna
      - Portuguese: meu, minha, meus, minhas
      - Piedmontese: mè, mia; meja (Valsesia)
      - Romanian: meu, mea, mei, mele
      - Romansch: mes, mia
      - Sardinian: meu, miu, mea, mia
      - Sicilian: meu, mè, mìu
      - Spanish: mío, mía, míos, mías, mi, mis
      - Venetian: mio, mé

Descendants[edit]

Proto-Albanian: *udz
- Old Albanian: u
  - Albanian: unë (+ në)
(< *uǵ)
- Old Albanian: Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 208: No Descendants section was found in the entry u under the header for Albanian. (< *udh), Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 208: No Descendants section was found in the entry ne under the header for Albanian. (< *nōs)
  - Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry unë. (< u + -në) (attest. 1462, Skanderbeg's counselor), Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 208: No Descendants section was found in the entry ne under the header for Albanian.
Proto-Anatolian: *ʔúǵ
- Hittite: 𒌑𒊌 (ūk)
- Hieroglyphic Luwian: 𔐀 (ámu)
- Lycian: 𐊚𐊎𐊒 (ẽmu)
- Lydian: 𐤠𐤪𐤰 (amu)
- Carian: 𐊲𐊼 (uk)
, Proto-Anatolian: *wéyes
- Hittite: 𒌑𒂊𒌍 (ú-e-eš /⁠wēs⁠/)
- Luwian:
  Cuneiform script: 𒀀𒀭𒍝 (a-an-za)
  Anatolian Hieroglyphs script: 𔗥𔖪𔗷 (a-zu-za)
(see there for further descendants)
Armenian:
- Old Armenian: ես (es)
  - Armenian: ես (es)
  , Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 41: Could not find the correct senseid template in the entry մեք (with language xcl and id 'we') (< *mes)
  - Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 208: No Descendants section was found in the entry ես under the header for Armenian., Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry մենք.
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *eś, Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ēˀź, Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wēˀ, Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mēˀs (< *mes)^[3]
- Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 208: No Descendants section was found in the entry es under the header for Latgalian., Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 208: No Descendants section was found in the entry as under the header for Latgalian., Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 208: No Descendants section was found in the entry mes under the header for Latgalian.
- Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 208: No Descendants section was found in the entry es under the header for Latvian., Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry mēs.
- Old Lithuanian: eš, Old Lithuanian: aš, Old Lithuanian: vèdu (< *we-du), Old Lithuanian: mùdu (< *mu-du), Old Lithuanian: mẽs
  - Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry aš., Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry mudu., Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 208: No Descendants section was found in the entry mes under the header for Lithuanian.
- Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry as., Old Prussian: es, Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry mes.
- Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry es.
- Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/(j)azъ., Proto-Slavic: *vě
  - East Slavic:
    - Old East Slavic: вѣ (vě)
  - South Slavic:
    - Middle Bulgarian: вѣ (vě)
    - Old Church Slavonic:
      Cyrillic: вѣ (vě)
      Glagolitic: ⰲⱑ (vě)
    - Serbo-Croatian: -vo (Bednja Kajkavian, possibly)
  - West Slavic:
    - Old Czech: vě (C14)
      - Old Czech: va (C15, by analogy to the new verbal 1st person ending -va instead of the older -vě, also to the number dva)
    - Old Polish: wa (same analogy as in Czech)
    - Kashubian: ma < *va < vě (same analogy as in Czech, m- due to influence of the plural form)
    - Slovincian: wa (same analogy as in Kashubian)
    - Sorbian:
      - Upper Sorbian: wi (dialectal, secondary -i by analogy to the o-stem plural desinence -i)
        wej (by analogy to the new verbal 1st person ending -ej, or to other pronouns such as tej and wonej)
  , Proto-Slavic: *my
  - East Slavic:
    - Old East Slavic: мꙑ (my)
      - Old Ruthenian: мы (my)
        Belarusian: мы (my)
        Carpathian Rusyn: мы (mŷ)
        Ukrainian: ми (my)
      - Russian: мы (my)
    - Old Novgorodian: мꙑ (my)
  - South Slavic:
    - Old Church Slavonic:
      Old Cyrillic script: мꙑ (my)
      Glagolitic script: [Term?]
    - Bulgarian: ние (nie) (re-formed by analogy)
    - Macedonian: ние (nie) (re-formed by analogy), ми (mi) (dialectal), мие (mie) (dialectal)
    - Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic script: ми̑
      Latin script: mȋ
    - Slovene: mȋ (tonal orthography)
  - West Slavic:
    - Old Czech: my
      - Czech: my
    - Old Polish: my
      - Masurian: mi
      - Polish: my
      - Silesian: my
    - Slovak: my
    - Pomeranian:
      - Kashubian: më
      - Slovincian: më
    - Sorbian:
      - Lower Sorbian: my
      - Upper Sorbian: my
  (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic: *mī
- Proto-Brythonic: *mi
  - Breton: me
  - Cornish: my
  - Welsh: mi, fi, i
- Old Irish: mé
  - Irish: mé
  - Manx: mee
  - Scottish Gaelic: mi
- Gaulish: mi^[4]
, Proto-Celtic: *snīs
- Brythonic:
  - Old Breton: ne
    - Middle Breton: ne
      - Breton: ne
  - Cornish: ny
  - Old Welsh: ni
    - Middle Welsh: ny
      - Welsh: ni
- Old Irish: sní
- Gaulish: sni-^[5]
(< *nēs-nēs) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *ek, *eka, *ik
- Proto-West Germanic: *ik
  - Old English: iċ, ih, ich; iċċ; ᛁᚳ (ic)
    - Southern Middle English: ich
      - English: ich (obsolete since 19th century)
      - Yola: ich (revived)
    - Northern Middle English: ik
      - Scots: ik (rare)
    - Later Middle English: I
      - English: I
      - Scots: A, I
  - Old Frisian: ik
    - North Frisian: ick, ik
    - Saterland Frisian: iek
    - West Frisian: ik
  - Old Saxon: ik
    - Middle Low German: ik, ek
      - German Low German: ik
  - Old Dutch: ik, ic
    - Middle Dutch: ic, icke
      - Dutch: ik
        Afrikaans: ek
        Berbice Creole Dutch: eke
        Jersey Dutch: äk
        Petjo: ik
        Skepi Creole Dutch: ek
  - Old High German: ih
    - Middle High German: ich, ig
      - Alemannic German: ich, ig, i
        Sensler: [iː]^[6]
        Swabian: i
        Sathmar Swabian: i
      - Bavarian: i
        Cimbrian: ich (Setti Comuni); i (Luserna)
        Gottscheerish: iχ, ī, i (unstressed); iχχe (emphatic)
        Mòcheno: i
      - Central Franconian: ich, eich, ech
        Hunsrückisch: äijsch
        Hunsrik: ich [ɪç]^[7]
        Britten: [æɪ̯ʃ], [ɪʃ]^[8]
        Kölsch: ich^[9]
      - East Central German:
        Erzgebirgisch: iech
        Silesian East Central German: iech
        Upper Saxon German: isch, ische
      - East Franconian: i, iech
      - German: ich
      - Luxembourgish: ech
      - Rhine Franconian:
        Hessian: aisch
        Pennsylvania German: ich [ɪç]^[10]
      - Vilamovian: ych
      - Yiddish: איך (ikh), ich
    - → Limburgish: ich, iech, ik; iich; ech
- Proto-Norse: ᛖᚲ (ek), ᛖᚴ (ek), ᛖᚴᛡ (ekᴀ), -ᛖᚳᚨ (-eka), -ᚴᛡ (-kᴀ)
  - Old Norse: ek, iak; -k
    - Icelandic: ég
    - Faroese: eg, jeg
    - Norn: eg
    - Norwegian: ej, é, eig, í, æg, æj, æ, je, jæj (dialectal)
      - Norwegian Nynorsk: eg
    - Jamtish: jeg
    - Dalian: ik, ig
      - Elfdalian: ig
    - Old Swedish: iak, iæk; iag, iagh, iach; ᛁᛆᚴ
      - Swedish: jag
    - Old Danish: iak, iæk, iægh, æk, ak
      - Danish: jeg, a, æ, ja, jæ
        Norwegian Bokmål: jeg
      - Scanian: jağ
    - Jutish: æ
    - Old Gutnish: iek
- Gothic: 𐌹𐌺 (ik)
- Crimean Gothic: ich
- Vandalic: *ic
, Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ik., Proto-Germanic: *wet
- Proto-West Germanic: *wit
  - Old English: wit
    - Middle English: wit
  - Old Frisian: wit
    - North Frisian: wat
  - Old Saxon: wit
  - Old Dutch: *wit
    - Limburgish: weet (archaic)
- Old Norse: vit, mit
  - Icelandic: við
  - Faroese: vit
  - Middle Norwegian: mið
    - Norwegian Nynorsk: me, mid; (dialectal) mið
    - Jamtish: mæð
  - Elfdalian: wįð
  - Old Swedish: vit
- Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐍄 (wit)
, Proto-Germanic: *wīz
- Proto-West Germanic: *wiʀ
  - Old English: wē, wœ̄; wæ; ƿē
    - Middle English: we, whe, ve, woe, wue, weo, wæ, vue, hwe, huue
      - English: we
        Jamaican Creole: wi
        Sranan Tongo: wi
      - Scots: we, wee, wa
      - Yola: wough, wu, wee, we, w'
  - Old Frisian: wī
    - North Frisian: wi, wü
    - Saterland Frisian: wie
    - West Frisian: wy
  - Old Saxon: wī
    - Middle Low German: wî, wy
      - Dutch Low Saxon: wi
      - German Low German: wi, wî
        Plautdietsch: wie
  - Old Dutch: wī
    - Middle Dutch: wi
      - Dutch: wij
  - Old High German: wir
    - Middle High German: wir
      - Bavarian:
        Cimbrian: biar, bar
        Mòcheno: biar
      - German: wir
      - ⇒ Middle High German: mir
        Alemannic German: mir, mier
        Bavarian: mia
        German: mir (dialectal)
        Hunsrik: meer
        Luxembourgish: mir, mer
        Pennsylvania German: mer
        Yiddish: מיר (mir)
- Proto-Norse: *ᚹᛁᛉ (*wiʀ)
  - Old West Norse: vér, vær, mér; *wīʀ
    - Icelandic: vér, vær
    - Faroese: vær
    - Norwegian Nynorsk: me (< mér < erum vér)
  - Old East Norse: *wīʀ
    - Elfdalian: wįr
    - Old Swedish: vīr, vī, ᚠᛁᚱ
      - Swedish: vi
      - → Norwegian: vi
    - Old Danish: wii, wi
      - Danish: vi
        Norwegian Bokmål: vi
        → Norwegian Nynorsk: vi
  - Old Gutnish: wir
    - Gutnish: výr
- Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃 (weis)
(see there for further descendants)
Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: ἐγώ (egṓ), ἐγών (egṓn); ἰώ (iṓ), ἱών (hiṓn); ἔγω (égō)
  - Greek: εγώ (egó)
  - Tsakonian: εζού (ezoú)
  - Italiot Greek:
    Greek: εβώ
    Latin: evò
  - Mariupol Greek: го (ho), эго́ (ehó)
  - Pontic Greek: εγώ (egó)
  - Yevanic: אֶגֿוֹ (ʾeḡo)
  - → Old Sicilian: igù
    - >? Sicilian: jù
  , Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry νώ., Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry ἡμεῖς. (< *n̥sm-), Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry ἐμός.
  - Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry εγώ., Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry εμείς.
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *aȷ́ʰám, *wáH, *wayám
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *aźʰám
  - Sanskrit: अहम् (ahám) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Iranian: *ajám (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Nuristani: *ā́nja, *ā́na (both from earlier *áȷ́nam with intrusive nasal)
  - Northern Nuristani: *ā́njə
    - Kamkata-viri:
      Kamviri: ṍć
      Kativiri: úze
    - Prasuni: unzú, unźū́
  - Southern Nuristani: *ā̃́ɣa (< *ā́naga; *-ga possibly from *gʰe)
    - Ashkun: ái (< *ā̃́yə < *ā̃́ɣa)
    - Tregami: é (< *ā̃́yə < *ā̃́ɣa)
    - Waigali: ëṅë, ëkë (< *ā́ṅa < *ā̃́ɣa)
(see there for further descendants)
Proto-Italic: *egō
- Faliscan: 𐌄𐌒𐌏 (eqo), 𐌄𐌊𐌏 (eko), 𐌄𐌂𐌏 (eco)
- Latin: ego
- South Picene: 𐌄𐌊𐌞 (ekú)
- Umbrian: 𐌌𐌄𐌇𐌄 (mehe)^[11] (dative singular)
- (Possibly) Venetic: 𐌄𐌙𐌏 (ego)
, Proto-Italic: *nōs
- Latin: nōs
, Proto-Italic: *nosteros
- Latin: noster (see there for further descendants)
(see there for further descendants)
Tocharian:
- Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry näṣ., Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry ñuk. (< *mne-ge), Tocharian A: was
- Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry ñaś., Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry ñäś., Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry ñiś., Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry wes.

* Proto-Indo-European: túh₂, tī̆, tū̆, tuH, tíh₁, tu-
Proto-Albanian: tū (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Anatolian: tī́ǵ (see there for further descendants)
Armenian:
Old Armenian: դու (du), քեզ (kʻez) (< **twé*), քո (kʻo) (< **two-*), դուք (dukʻ) (< **tú-s)
Armenian: դու (du), քեզ (kʻez), քո (kʻo); դուք (dukʻ)
Proto-Balto-Slavic: tūˀ, tu (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic: tū (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: þū (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic: tú (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: túH (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Italic: tū (see there for further descendants)
Tocharian:
Tocharian A: tu
Tocharian B: tuwe
[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

Proto-Indo-European: *tewos (from gen. *téwe)
- Hellenic:
  - Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry τεός.
- Proto-Italic: *towos
  - Latin: tuus
  - Oscan: 𐌕𐌖𐌅𐌀𐌉 (tuvai, nom. pl. fem.)^[12]
  - Umbrian: touer, tuer (gen. sg. m.), tuua, tua (nom. sg. f.)
  - Old Latin: tovos
    - Latin: tuus
      - Aromanian: tãu, ta, tãi, tali
      - Asturian: to, tos
      - Old Catalan: tou, tua, tous, tues; (from unstressed) ton, ta, tos, tes
        Catalan: teu, teva, teus, teves; ton, ta, tos, tes
      - Dalmatian: to, toa
      - French: ton, ta, tes
      - Friulian: to
      - Istro-Romanian: teu, te, teľ, tele
      - Italian: tuo, tua, tuoi, tue
      - Leonese: tou, tua, tous, tuas
      - Occitan: teu
      - Piedmontese: tò
      - Portuguese: teu, tua, teus, tuas
      - Romanian: tău, ta, tăi, tale
      - Romansch: tes
      - Sardinian: tou
      - Sicilian: tou, to
      - Spanish: tuyo, tuya, tuyos, tuyas, tu

Descendants[edit]

Proto-Albanian: *tū
- Albanian: ti
- Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry ti.
Proto-Anatolian: *tī́ǵ
- Hittite: 𒍣𒄿𒅅 (zi-i-ik /⁠zīk⁠/)
- Luwian:
  Cuneiform script: 𒋾𒄿 (ti-i)
  Anatolian Hieroglyphs script: 𔑣 (ti)
- Palaic: 𒋾𒄿 (ti-i)
(see there for further descendants)
Armenian:
- Old Armenian: դու (du)
  - Armenian: դու (du)
  , Old Armenian: քեզ (kʻez)
  - Armenian: քեզ (kʻez)
  (< Proto-Indo-European: *twé), Old Armenian: քո (kʻo)
  - Armenian: քո (kʻo)
  (< Proto-Indo-European: *two-), Old Armenian: դուք (dukʻ)
  - Armenian: դուք (dukʻ)
  (< *tú-s); Old Armenian: ձեզ (jez)
  - Armenian: ձեզ (jez)
  (< *y(us)e), Old Armenian: ձեր (jer)
  - Armenian: ձեր (jer)
  (< *y(us)er)
  - Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 208: No Descendants section was found in the entry դու under the header for Armenian., Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 208: No Descendants section was found in the entry քեզ under the header for Armenian., Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 208: No Descendants section was found in the entry քո under the header for Armenian.; Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 208: No Descendants section was found in the entry դուք under the header for Armenian., Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 208: No Descendants section was found in the entry ձեզ under the header for Armenian., Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 208: No Descendants section was found in the entry ձեր under the header for Armenian.
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tūˀ
- East Baltic:
  - Latgalian: tu
  - Latvian: tu
  - Lithuanian: tù
- West Baltic:
  - Old Prussian: tu, tou, tū
  - Sudovian: tu
- Proto-Slavic: *ty (see there for further descendants)
, Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tu, Proto-Balto-Slavic: *yūˀ, Proto-Balto-Slavic: *yūˀs (< *yus)
- Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 208: No Descendants section was found in the entry tu under the header for Latvian., Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry jūs.
- Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 208: No Descendants section was found in the entry tu under the header for Lithuanian., Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry judu. (< *ju-du), Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry jūs.
- Old Prussian: tou, Old Prussian: tu, Old Prussian: ioūs
- Proto-Slavic: *ty
  - East Slavic:
    - Old East Slavic: ты (ty)
      - Belarusian: ты (ty)
      - Russian: ты (ty)
      - Carpathian Rusyn: ты (tŷ)
      - Ukrainian: ти (ty)
  - South Slavic:
    - Old Church Slavonic:
      Old Cyrillic script: тꙑ (ty)
      Glagolitic script: ⱅⱏⰺ (ty)
    - Bulgarian: ти (ti)
    - Macedonian: ти (ti)
    - Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic script: ти̑
      Latin script: tȋ
    - Slovene: tȋ (tonal orthography)
  - West Slavic:
    - Old Czech: ty
      - Czech: ty
    - Old Polish: ty
      - Masurian: ti
      - Polish: ty
      - Silesian: ty
    - Slovak: ty
    - Polabian: tåi
    - Pomeranian:
      - Kashubian: të
      - Slovincian: të
    - Sorbian:
      - Lower Sorbian: ty
      - Upper Sorbian: ty
  , Proto-Slavic: *vy
  - East Slavic:
    - Old East Slavic: вꙑ (vy)
      - Old Ruthenian: вы (vy)
        Belarusian: вы (vy)
        Carpathian Rusyn: вы (vŷ)
        Ukrainian: ви (vy)
      - Russian: вы (vy)
  - South Slavic:
    - Old Church Slavonic: вꙑ (vy)
    - Bulgarian: вие (vie) (re-formed by analogy)
    - Macedonian: вие (vie) (re-formed by analogy)
    - Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic script: ви̑
      Latin script: vȋ
    - Slovene: vȋ (tonal orthography)
  - West Slavic:
    - Old Czech: vy
      - Czech: vy
    - Old Polish: wy
      - Masurian: wi
      - Polish: wy
      - Silesian: wy
    - Slovak: vy
    - Pomeranian:
      - Kashubian: wë, Wë
      - Slovincian: wë
    - Sorbian:
      - Lower Sorbian: wy
      - Upper Sorbian: wy
  (< *wū), Proto-Slavic: *vy
  - East Slavic:
    - Old East Slavic: вꙑ (vy)
      - Old Ruthenian: вы (vy)
        Belarusian: вы (vy)
        Carpathian Rusyn: вы (vŷ)
        Ukrainian: ви (vy)
      - Russian: вы (vy)
  - South Slavic:
    - Old Church Slavonic: вꙑ (vy)
    - Bulgarian: вие (vie) (re-formed by analogy)
    - Macedonian: вие (vie) (re-formed by analogy)
    - Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic script: ви̑
      Latin script: vȋ
    - Slovene: vȋ (tonal orthography)
  - West Slavic:
    - Old Czech: vy
      - Czech: vy
    - Old Polish: wy
      - Masurian: wi
      - Polish: wy
      - Silesian: wy
    - Slovak: vy
    - Pomeranian:
      - Kashubian: wë, Wë
      - Slovincian: wë
    - Sorbian:
      - Lower Sorbian: wy
      - Upper Sorbian: wy
  (< *wūs) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic: *tū
- Brythonic: *ti
  - Breton: te
  - Cornish: ty
  - Welsh: ti
- Old Irish: tú
  - Irish: tú
  - Manx: oo
  - Scottish Gaelic: thu
- Gaulish: tu^[13]
, Proto-Celtic: *swīs
- Proto-Brythonic: *hwi
  - Old Breton: hui
    - Middle Breton: huy
      - Breton: c'hwi
  - Cornish: hwi, why
  - Old Welsh: hui
    - Welsh: chwi, chi
- Old Irish: síi, sí
- Gaulish: suis^[14]
(< *wēs-wēs) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *þū
- Proto-West Germanic: *þū
  - Old English: þū, ðū
    - Middle English: þou, thou, þu, thu, þoue, thoue, þowe, thowe, þouȝ, thouȝ, þue, ðhu, þeu, þeou, thugh, thogh, þo, tu, tou, towe, you
      - English: thou, tha; thow, thu, du
      - Scots: thou, du, thoo
      - Yola: thou, th'
  - Old Frisian: thū
    - North Frisian:
      Most dialects: dü
      Halligen: du
      Heligoland: di
    - Saterland Frisian: du
    - West Frisian: do, dû
  - Old Saxon: thū
    - Middle Low German: thu (earlier), du (later)
      - Low German: du, diu (Westphalian)
  - Old Dutch: thū, tu
    - Middle Dutch: du
      - Dutch: (obsolete) du, dou, douw
      - Limburgish: doe
  - Old High German: dū, thū, ᛞᚢ (du)
    - Middle High German: du
      - Alemannic German: du
        Swabian: dau, d
      - Bavarian:
        Cimbrian: du
        Mòcheno: du
      - Central Franconian: du, dou
        Hunsrik: du
        Kölsch: do
      - German: du
      - Luxembourgish: du
      - Rhine Franconian:
        Palatine German: du
        Pennsylvania German: du
      - Yiddish: דו (du)
- Old Norse: þú, -du, -ðu, -tu
  - Icelandic: þú, -du, -ðu, -tu
  - Faroese: tú
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: du
  - Norwegian Bokmål: du
  - Jamtish: dú
  - Elfdalian: du
  - Old Swedish: þū
    - Swedish: du, tu, thu, dhu (last three obsolete)
  - Old Danish: thu
    - Danish: du
- Gothic: 𐌸𐌿 (þu)
- Crimean Gothic: tzo
, Proto-Germanic: *jut, *jit
- Proto-West Germanic: *jit
  - Old English: ġit
    - Middle English: ȝit
  - Old Frisian: *it, *jit
    - North Frisian:
      Föhr-Amrum: jat
      Sylt: at
  - Old Saxon: git
  - Old Dutch: *git, *it
    - Bergish: et, get, git, it
  - Old High German: *iz
    - Middle High German: ëz
      - Bavarian: es
      - Yiddish: עץ (ets) (Poylish)
- Old Norse: it, þit
  - Icelandic: þið
  - Faroese: tit
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: de, did
  - Elfdalian: ið
  - Old Swedish: it
    - Finland Swedish: et, ät^[15]
- Gothic: 𐌾𐌿𐍄 (jut)
, Proto-Germanic: *jūz, *jīz
- Proto-West Germanic: *jiʀ
  - Old English: ġē, gī
    - Middle English: ye, yee, ȝe, ȝee, yeȝ, yhe, ȝhe, ge, iye, yie, ȝie, gie, hye, hie, ȝeo, geo
      - English: ye, yee
      - Scots: ȝe, ye
      - Yola: ye
  - Old Frisian: jī
    - North Frisian: jam, i (Sylt)
    - Saterland Frisian: jie
    - West Frisian: jim, jimme
  - Old Saxon: gī
    - Middle Low German: gî, gê, î, y, ie, jê
      - Low German: ji, jie
        Plautdietsch: jie
  - Old Dutch: gī
    - Middle Dutch: gi
      - Dutch: gij, jij
        Afrikaans: jy
        Berbice Creole Dutch: ju
        Jersey Dutch: jāi
        Negerhollands: joe, ju
        Petjo: jij
      - Limburgish: geer
  - Old High German: ir, ier, er, aer, gi
    - Middle High German: ir
      - Alemannic German: ir
      - Bavarian:
        Cimbrian: iar, iart
        Mòcheno: ir
      - Central Franconian: ühr, ihr, dihr (d- from verb ending by rebracketing)
        Hunsrik: deer
        Luxembourgish: dir
      - German: ihr
      - Rhine Franconian:
        Pennsylvania German: dihr
      - Yiddish: איר (ir), איהר (ihr)
- Proto-Norse: *ᛃᛁᛉ (*jiʀ)
  - Old West Norse: ér
    - Icelandic: ér
    - ⇒ Old West Norse: þér (← hafið ér)
      - Icelandic: þér
      - Faroese: tær
      - Old Swedish: þær, þæ
  - Old East Norse: *īʀ
    - Old Swedish: īr, ī, ᛁᚱ
      - Swedish: I, ni (← hafven I)
    - Danish: I
      - Norwegian Bokmål: I
  - Old Gutnish: ir, ᛁᛦ (/⁠īʀ⁠/)
- Gothic: 𐌾𐌿𐍃 (jūs)
(see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic: *tú
- Ancient Greek: σύ (sú)
  Boeotian Greek: τού (toú), τού (toú), τούν (toún)
  Doric Greek: τύ (tú), τύνη (túnē)
  Epic Greek: τύνη (túnē)
  - Greek: εσύ (esý)
  - Tsakonian: εκιού (ekioú)
- Ancient Greek: σύ (sú), τύνη (túnē); τύ (tú); τού (toú), τούν (toún)
  - Byzantine Greek: ἐσύ (esú)
    - Greek: εσύ (esý)
    - Mariupol Greek: сы (sy), эсы́ (esý)
    - Pontic Greek: εσύ (esý)
  - Tsakonian: εκιού (ekioú)
  , Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry σφώ. (< *se-bʰ(e)y), Ancient Greek: ὑμεῖς (humeîs), ῠ̓́μμες (úmmes); ῡ̔μές (hūmés), ῡ̔μέν (hūmén); οὐμές (oumés)
  - Tsakonian: εμού (emoú)
  (< *usm-), Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry σός.
  - Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry εσύ., Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry εσείς.
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tuH, *yúH, *yúH(s) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Italic: *tū
- Latin: tū
- Oscan: 𐌕𐌉𐌉𐌖𐌌 (tiium), 𐌕𐌉𐌞 (tiú, nom.), 𐌕𐌉𐌚𐌄𐌉 (tifei), 𐌕𐌚𐌄𐌉 (tfei, dat.)
- South Picene: 𐌕𐌉𐌏𐌌 (tiom, acc.), 𐌕𐌄𐌚𐌄𐌝 (tefeí), 𐌕𐌄𐌚𐌄𐌇 (tefeh, dat.)
- Umbrian: tiom, 𐌕𐌉𐌖 (tiu), tio, teio (acc.), 𐌕𐌄𐌚𐌄 (tefe), tefe (dat.)
, Proto-Italic: *wōs
- Faliscan: 𐌖𐌄𐌔 (ues)
- Old Latin: vōs
  - Latin: vōs
- Paelignian: uus (nominative, dative)
, Proto-Italic: *wosteros
- Latin: vester, voster
- Umbrian: vestra (abl. sg. f.)
(see there for further descendants)
Tocharian:
- Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry tu.
- Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry tuwe.

* Proto-Indo-European: swé
Albanian:
Proto-Albanian: swetā
Albanian: vetë (“self”)
Armenian:
Old Armenian: իւր (iwr)
Armenian: իր (ir)
Proto-Balto-Slavic: sin, sen
Old Prussian: sien (“oneself”)
Proto-Slavic: sę (acc.), sebe (gen.)
Proto-Celtic: swe^[16]
Proto-Hellenic: hwe
Ancient Greek: ἕ (hé),^[17] ἔτης (étēs, abl.), ὅς (hós, “his”)
⇒ Ancient Greek: ἑκάς (hekás)
⇒ Ancient Greek: ἧλιξ (hêlix)
⇒ Ancient Greek: σφεῖς (spheîs, “they, them”)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: swá (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Italic: sē,^[18] swē, se (acc.), sefei (dat.), sed (abl.)
Old Latin: sed sg, sēd pl (abl.), sibei sg (dat.)
Latin: sē sg (acc.abl.), suī sg (gen.), sibi sg (dat.)
[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

Proto-Indo-European: *swe-
- Proto-Celtic: *swe-^[19]
- Proto-Germanic: *se- (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swa-
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: sē- (see there for further descendants)
? Proto-Indo-European: *swésōr
- Proto-Albanian: *swesarā (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: քոյր (kʻoyr)
    - Armenian: քույր (kʻuyr), քիր (kʻir), քուր (kʻur); քոյր (kʻoyr)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *swésō (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *swesūr (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *swestēr (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *hwéhōr
  - Ancient Greek: ἔορ (éor)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swásā (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *swezōr (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Tocharian: *(ṣä)ṣer (< *swésorm̥ (accusative))
  - Tocharian A: ṣar
  - Tocharian B: ṣer
Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required. (< genitive *séwe)
- Proto-Hellenic: *héwos
  - Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry ἑός.^[17]
- Proto-Italic: *sowos
  - Latin: suus
  - Oscan: suveís
  ^[18] (see there for further descendants)
Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required. (< ablative *swéd)
- Proto-Hellenic: *hwédios^[20]
  - Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry ἴδιος.
    Argolic Greek: Ancient Greek: ἵδιος (hídios)
    
    Doric Greek: Ancient Greek: ϝίδιος (wídios)
(possibly) Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
- Proto-Italic: *swolos
  - Latin: sōlus
    - Asturian: solu
    - Catalan: sol, sols
    - Old French: sol, seul, soul, sul
      - French: seul
      - → English: sole
    - Friulian: sôl
    - Istriot: sulo
    - Italian: solo
      - → English: solo
      - → French: solo
      - → Portuguese: solo
    - Occitan: sol
    - Old Galician-Portuguese: soo, sol
      - Galician: só
      - Portuguese: só
    - Romansch: sul
    - Sardinian: solus (medieval), solu, sou
    - Sicilian: sulu
    - Spanish: solo
Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *swaias
  - Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry savs.
  - Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry sovs.
  - Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry savas.
  - Old Prussian: swais
  - Proto-Slavic: *svojь
    - East Slavic:
      - Belarusian: свой (svoj)
      - Russian: свой (svoj)
      - Ukrainian: свій (svij)
    - South Slavic:
      - Old Church Slavonic: свои (svoi)
      - Bulgarian: свой (svoj)
      - Macedonian: свој (svoj)
      - Serbo-Croatian:
        Cyrillic script: сво̑ј
        Latin script: svôj
      - Slovene: svọ́j (tonal orthography)
    - West Slavic:
      - Old Czech: svój
        Czech: svůj
      - Old Polish: swój
        Masurian: swój
        Polish: swój
        Silesian: swōj
      - Slovak: svoj
      - Pomeranian:
        Kashubian: swój
        Slovincian: swój
      - Sorbian:
        Upper Sorbian: swój
        Lower Sorbian: swój
? Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.^[16]
- Lua error in Module:links at line 216: The specified language Proto-Celtic is unattested, while the given word is not marked with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed.
  - Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry féin.
? Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 293: Parameter 2 is required.^[16]
- Lua error in Module:links at line 216: The specified language Proto-Celtic is unattested, while the given word is not marked with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed.
  - Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry fadesin.

Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Germanic: *sibjō
  - Proto-West Germanic: *sibbju
    - Old English: sibb
      - Middle English: sibbe, sib
        English: sib
        Scots: sib
        → Norn: sib (?)
    - Old Frisian: sibbe
      - West Frisian: sibbe
    - Old Saxon: sibbia
      - Middle Low German: sibbe
    - Old Dutch: *sibba
      - Middle Dutch: sibbe
        Dutch: sibbe (possibly a loanword from Frisian)
    - Old High German: sippea, sibba, sippa
      - Middle High German: sippe
        German: Sippe
  - Old Norse: Sif; sifjar pl
    - Icelandic: Sif; sifjar pl
    - Faroese: Siv
    - Old Swedish: sif (in compounds, e.g. guþsif)
    - Danish: Sif
  - Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌱𐌾𐌰 (sibja)
  (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *swēbaz
  - Proto-West Germanic: *swāb
    - Old English: Swǣfas pl, Swǣfe
    - Old High German: swāb
      - Middle High German: swāp, swābe
        German: Schwabe
        → Dutch: Zwaab
        → Romanian: șvab
  - Proto-Norse: *ᛊᚹᚨᛒᚨᛉ (*swabaʀ /⁠swābaʀ⁠/)
    - ⇒ Proto-Norse: ᛊᚹᚨᛒᚨᚺᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ (swabaharjaʀ /⁠Swābaharjaz⁠/)
    - Old Norse: *sváfr
      - ⇒ Old Norse: Sváfa
      - ⇒ Old Norse: Sváfaland
  - → Latin: Suēbus (plural Suēbī), Suēvus (plural Suēvī), Suēbia, Suābia
    - Catalan: sueu, Suèvia
    - Galician: suevos; Suevos, Suegos (place names)
    - → Ancient Greek: Σούηβος (Soúēbos)
    - → German: Sueben
    - → English: Suebi, Suevi, Swabia
- Proto-Germanic: *swainaz
  - Proto-West Germanic: *swain
    - Old English: swān
      - Middle English: swan, swane, swon, swone
    - Old Saxon: swēn
      - Middle Low German: swên, swein
    - Old High German: swein
      - Middle High German: swein
        German: Schwein m (obsolete or dialectal)
  - Old Norse: sveinn
    - Icelandic: sveinn
    - Faroese: sveinur
    - Norwegian Nynorsk: svein; (dialectal) sveidn
      - → Norwegian Bokmål: svein
    - Old Swedish: svēn, svæn
      - Swedish: sven
    - Old Danish: swen
      - Danish: svend
        Norwegian Bokmål: svenn
    - → Old English: sweġen
      - Middle English: swayn, sweine, sweyn, sueyn, swain, sweyn, swein, swaine, sweyne, swane
        English: swain
        Scots: swaine, swane
  - → Proto-Samic: *svājnës (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *swihô
  - Old English: *Swihō
    - Old English: Swēo (plural Swēon)
  - Old Norse: *svíi (plural svíar)
    - Icelandic: Svíi
    - Faroese: svíi, svii
    - Old Swedish: swēar, swīar
      - Swedish: svear pl
      - → Old East Slavic: свѣи pl (svěi)
        Russian: свей m (svej)
  - Gothic: *𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰 (*swaiha), *𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃 (*swaihans) (reconstructed classical Gothic form of the ethnonym Suehans mentioned by Jordanes)
    - → Latin: Suehans pl
  - → Latin: Suiōnēs pl
- Proto-Germanic: *swa
  - Proto-West Germanic: *swā
    - Old English: swā
      - Middle English: swa, swo, so
        Scots: swa, sa, swae, sae
        English: so
    - Old Frisian: sā
      - Saterland Frisian: so
      - West Frisian: sa
    - Old Saxon: sō
      - Middle Low German: swê, swî, swô
        Low German: so
    - Old Dutch: sō
      - Middle Dutch: sô
        Dutch: zo
        Limburgish: zoe, zoea
    - Old High German: sō
      - Middle High German: sō
        Central Franconian: su, so
        Luxembourgish: sou
        German: so
  - Old Norse: svá
    - Icelandic: svo
    - Faroese: svá, so
    - Middle Norwegian: svá, svo, so
      - Norwegian Nynorsk: so; (dialectal) så, sø, sé, sér
    - Jamtish: su
    - Elfdalian: so
    - Old Swedish: svā, svo
      - Swedish: så
    - Old Danish: swā, swo, so
      - Danish: så
        Norwegian Bokmål: så
        → Norwegian Nynorsk: så
    - Gutnish: så
    - Scanian: sá
  - Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌰 (swa)
  (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *swē
  - Proto-West Germanic: *swā
    - Old English: swā
      - Middle English: so, swo
        English: so
    - Old Frisian: sā
      - West Frisian: sa
    - Old Saxon: sō
      - Middle Low German: swê, swô
        Low German: so
    - Old Dutch: sō
      - Middle Dutch: so
        Dutch: zo
    - Old High German: sō
      - German: so
  - Old Norse: svá
    - Icelandic: svo
    - Faroese: svá, so
    - Middle Norwegian: svá, svo, so
      - Norwegian Nynorsk: so; (dialectal) så, sø, sé, sér
    - Jamtish: su
    - Elfdalian: so
    - Old Swedish: svā, svo
      - Swedish: så
    - Old Danish: swā, swo, so
      - Danish: så
        Norwegian Bokmål: så
        → Norwegian Nynorsk: så
    - Gutnish: så
    - Scanian: sá
  - Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌴 (swē)
  (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *selbaz
  - Old English: self, seolf, sylf, selfa
    - Middle English: self, silf, sulf
      - Scots: sel
      - English: self
  - Old Frisian: self, selva
    - North Frisian: selv, siälv
    - Saterland Frisian: säärm, sälven, sääuwen
    - West Frisian: sels
  - Old Saxon: self, selvo
    - Middle Low German: self, sulf
      - German Low German: sülvst
      - Low German: sulv
  - Old Dutch: selvo
    - Middle Dutch: selve
      - Dutch: zelf
      - Limburgish: zèlf
  - Old High German: selb, selbo
    - Middle High German: sëlb, sëlp
      - Bavarian: söbe, söber
      - German: selbst, selb, selbe, selber
      - Luxembourgish: selwer
      - Yiddish: זעלב (zelb)
  - Old Norse: sjalfr, *sealfʀ; sjálfr
    - Icelandic: sjálfur
    - Faroese: sjálvur
    - Norwegian Nynorsk: sjølv; (dialectal) sjølv'u, sjålv, sjav'e, sjåv, sjelv
    - Norwegian Bokmål: sjøl
    - Elfdalian: siuov
    - Old Swedish: sialver, siælver, sialfr, siælfr
      - Swedish: själv, (dialectal, Finland) sjölv
    - Old Danish: sialfær, sialf, siælf, sælf
      - Scanian: sælver
      - Danish: selv
        Norwegian Bokmål: selv
      - Jutish: sjæl
  - Gutnish: självar
  - Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰 (silba)
- Proto-Slavic: *svatъ
  - East Slavic:
    - Old East Slavic: сватъ (svatŭ)
      - Belarusian: сват (svat)
      - Russian: сват (svat)
      - Ukrainian: сват (svat)
    - → Latvian: svāts
    - → Lithuanian: svõtas
  - South Slavic:
    - Bulgarian: сват (svat)
    - Macedonian: сват (svat)
    - Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic script: сва̏т
      Latin script: svȁt
    - Slovene: svȃt
  - West Slavic:
    - Old Czech: svat
      - Czech: svat (obsolete, dialectal)
    - Polabian: swat
    - Old Polish: swat
      - Polish: swat
    - Slovak: svat
    - Sorbian:
      - Upper Sorbian: swat
- Latgalian: sevim (“detachedly, apartly”)
- Latgalian: svõts
- Latgalian: svainis

Descendants[edit]

Armenian:
- Old Armenian: իւր (iwr)
  - Armenian: յուր (yur), իր (ir), իրենք (irenkʻ)
  - Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 208: No Descendants section was found in the entry իր under the header for Armenian.
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sin, Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sen
- Old Prussian: sien
- Proto-Slavic: *sę (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Slavic: *sę (acc.)
  - East Slavic:
    - Old East Slavic: сѧ (sę)
      - Old Ruthenian: -сѧ (-sja), сѧ (sja)
        Belarusian: -ся (-sja) (merges with final "-ць" into "-цца")
        Ukrainian: -ся (-sja) (before consonants) / -сь (-sʹ) (before vowels, unless after most consonants)
      - Russian: -ся (-sja) (after consonants) / -сь (-sʹ) (after vowels)
      - Old Novgorodian: сѧ (sę)
  - South Slavic:
    - Old Church Slavonic:
      Old Cyrillic script: сѧ (sę)
      Glagolitic script: ⱄⱔ (sę)
    - Bulgarian: се (se)
    - Macedonian: се (se)
    - Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic script: се
      Latin script: se
    - Slovene: se (tonal orthography)
  - West Slavic:
    - Old Czech: sě
      - Czech: se
    - Old Polish: się, siebie, siebie
      - Masurian: szie
      - Polish: się
      - Silesian: sie
      - Masurian: sziebzie
      - Polish: siebie
      - Silesian: siebie
    - Slovak: sa
    - Pomeranian:
      - Kashubian: sã
      - Slovincian: sã
    - Sorbian:
      - Lower Sorbian: se
      - Upper Sorbian: so, ?sej
  , Proto-Slavic: *sebe (gen.)
  - East Slavic:
    - Belarusian: сябе́ (sjabjé) (< *sębe, a blend of accusative *sę- + genitive *-be)
    - Russian: себя́ (sebjá) (< *sebę, a blend of genitive *seb- + accusative *-ę)
    - Ukrainian: себе́ (sebé)
    - Carpathian Rusyn: себе (sebe)
  - South Slavic:
    - Old Church Slavonic: себе (sebe)
    - Bulgarian: себе (sebe)
    - Macedonian: себе (sebe)
    - Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic script: се̏бе
      Latin script: sȅbe
    - Slovene: sebe
  - West Slavic:
    - Czech: sebe
    - Polish: siebie
    - Slovak: seba
    - Sorbian:
      - Lower Sorbian: sebje
      - Upper Sorbian: sebje
Proto-Celtic: *swe^[16]
Proto-Hellenic: *hwe
- Ancient Greek: ἕ (hé), οὑ (hou); εἷο (heîo), ἕο (héo), εὗ (heû), ἕθεν (héthen); ἑο (heo), ἑθεν (hethen); εὑ (heu); ἑοῦς (heoûs), ἑοῦ (heoû), ϝέος (wéos), ἕθεν (héthen); ϝέθεν (wéthen)
  - Tsakonian: νι (ni), σι (si)
  ,^[17] Ancient Greek: σφεῖς (spheîs, “they, them”)
  - Tsakonian: σι (si)
  , Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry ὅς., Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry ἑκάς., Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry ἔτης., Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry ἧλιξ.
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swá
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swá
  - Sanskrit: स्व (svá)
    - Gandhari: 𐨯𐨿𐨤 (spa)
    - Pali: sa
- Proto-Iranian: *hwá (see there for further descendants)
(see there for further descendants)
Proto-Italic: *sē,^[18] Proto-Italic: *swē, Proto-Italic: *se (acc.), Proto-Italic: *sefei (dat.), Proto-Italic: *sed (abl.)
- Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry sed., Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry sed., Old Latin: sibei sg (dat.)
  - Latin: sē sg (acc.abl.)
    - Aromanian: se
    - Catalan: es, se
    - Dalmatian: se
    - French: se, soi
    - Galician: se
    - Italian: sé, si, -si
    - Ladin: se
    - Occitan: se
    - Portuguese: se
    - Romanian: se, sine
    - Sicilian: si
    - Spanish: se
    , Latin: suī sg (gen.)
    - suicide
    - suitheism
    , Latin: sibi sg (dat.)
    - Italian: sé
    - French: soi
    - Romanian: sie, sieși
    - Portuguese: si
    - Spanish: sí

References[edit]

^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 374
^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 378
^ Kapović, Mate (2006) Reconstruction of Balto-Slavic personal pronouns with emphasis on accentuation‎^[2] (PhD dissertation), Zadar, Croatia: University of Zadar, page 159
^ https://digilib.phil.muni.cz/bitstream/handle/11222.digilib/114125/N_GraecoLatina_13-2008-1_4.pdf
^ https://digilib.phil.muni.cz/bitstream/handle/11222.digilib/114125/N_GraecoLatina_13-2008-1_4.pdf
^ Schmutz, Christian; Haas, Walter. (2004). Senslerdeutsches Wörterbuch. 2nd edition, Freiburg: Paulusverlag.
^ Altenhofen, Cléo Vilson. (1996). Hunsrückisch in Rio Grande do Sul: Ein Beitrag zur Beschreibung einer deutschbrasilianischen Dialektvarietät im Kontakt mit dem Portugiesischen. (Mainzer Studien zur Sprach- und Volksforschung 21.) Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
^ "ich". In: Besse, Maria. (2004). Britter Wörterbuch. Losheim am See: Verein für Heimatkunde in der Gemeinde Losheim am See.
^ Online-Wörterbuch der Akademie för uns kölsche Sproch, Stichwort »ich« (URL).
^ Kelz, Heinrich P. (1971). Phonologische Analyse des Pennsylvaniadeutschen. Hamburg: Buske.
^ Buck, Carl (1904) A grammar of Oscan and Umbrian, Ginn & Co, page 139
^ Buck, Carl (1904) A grammar of Oscan and Umbrian, Ginn & Co, page 140
^ https://digilib.phil.muni.cz/bitstream/handle/11222.digilib/114125/N_GraecoLatina_13-2008-1_4.pdf
^ https://digilib.phil.muni.cz/bitstream/handle/11222.digilib/114125/N_GraecoLatina_13-2008-1_4.pdf
^ Howe, Stephen (1996) “14. Old/Middle Swedish”, in The Personal Pronouns in the Germanic Languages: A Study of Personal Pronoun Morphology and Change in the Germanic Languages from the First Records to the Present Day, Walter de Gruyter
↑ ^16.0 ^16.1 ^16.2 ^16.3 Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*swe- ‘self, own’”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 361
↑ ^17.0 ^17.1 ^17.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Beekes
↑ ^18.0 ^18.1 ^18.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named de Vaan
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*swe- ‘self, own’”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 361
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page ἴδιος of 577-578

* Proto-Indo-European: túh₂, tī̆, tū̆, tuH, tíh₁, tu-
Proto-Albanian: tū (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Anatolian: tī́ǵ (see there for further descendants)
Armenian:
Old Armenian: դու (du), քեզ (kʻez) (< **twé*), քո (kʻo) (< **two-*), դուք (dukʻ) (< **tú-s)
Armenian: դու (du), քեզ (kʻez), քո (kʻo); դուք (dukʻ)
Proto-Balto-Slavic: tūˀ, tu (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic: tū (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: þū (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic: tú (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: túH (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Italic: tū (see there for further descendants)
Tocharian:
Tocharian A: tu
Tocharian B: tuwe
[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

Proto-Indo-European: *tewos (from gen. *téwe)
- Hellenic:
  - Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry τεός.
- Proto-Italic: *towos
  - Latin: tuus
  - Oscan: 𐌕𐌖𐌅𐌀𐌉 (tuvai, nom. pl. fem.)^[1]
  - Umbrian: touer, tuer (gen. sg. m.), tuua, tua (nom. sg. f.)
  - Old Latin: tovos
    - Latin: tuus
      - Aromanian: tãu, ta, tãi, tali
      - Asturian: to, tos
      - Old Catalan: tou, tua, tous, tues; (from unstressed) ton, ta, tos, tes
        Catalan: teu, teva, teus, teves; ton, ta, tos, tes
      - Dalmatian: to, toa
      - French: ton, ta, tes
      - Friulian: to
      - Istro-Romanian: teu, te, teľ, tele
      - Italian: tuo, tua, tuoi, tue
      - Leonese: tou, tua, tous, tuas
      - Occitan: teu
      - Piedmontese: tò
      - Portuguese: teu, tua, teus, tuas
      - Romanian: tău, ta, tăi, tale
      - Romansch: tes
      - Sardinian: tou
      - Sicilian: tou, to
      - Spanish: tuyo, tuya, tuyos, tuyas, tu

Descendants[edit]

Proto-Albanian: *tū
- Albanian: ti
- Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry ti.
Proto-Anatolian: *tī́ǵ
- Hittite: 𒍣𒄿𒅅 (zi-i-ik /⁠zīk⁠/)
- Luwian:
  Cuneiform script: 𒋾𒄿 (ti-i)
  Anatolian Hieroglyphs script: 𔑣 (ti)
- Palaic: 𒋾𒄿 (ti-i)
(see there for further descendants)
Armenian:
- Old Armenian: դու (du)
  - Armenian: դու (du)
  , Old Armenian: քեզ (kʻez)
  - Armenian: քեզ (kʻez)
  (< Proto-Indo-European: *twé), Old Armenian: քո (kʻo)
  - Armenian: քո (kʻo)
  (< Proto-Indo-European: *two-), Old Armenian: դուք (dukʻ)
  - Armenian: դուք (dukʻ)
  (< *tú-s); Old Armenian: ձեզ (jez)
  - Armenian: ձեզ (jez)
  (< *y(us)e), Old Armenian: ձեր (jer)
  - Armenian: ձեր (jer)
  (< *y(us)er)
  - Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 208: No Descendants section was found in the entry դու under the header for Armenian., Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 208: No Descendants section was found in the entry քեզ under the header for Armenian., Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 208: No Descendants section was found in the entry քո under the header for Armenian.; Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 208: No Descendants section was found in the entry դուք under the header for Armenian., Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 208: No Descendants section was found in the entry ձեզ under the header for Armenian., Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 208: No Descendants section was found in the entry ձեր under the header for Armenian.
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tūˀ
- East Baltic:
  - Latgalian: tu
  - Latvian: tu
  - Lithuanian: tù
- West Baltic:
  - Old Prussian: tu, tou, tū
  - Sudovian: tu
- Proto-Slavic: *ty (see there for further descendants)
, Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tu, Proto-Balto-Slavic: *yūˀ, Proto-Balto-Slavic: *yūˀs (< *yus)
- Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 208: No Descendants section was found in the entry tu under the header for Latvian., Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry jūs.
- Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 208: No Descendants section was found in the entry tu under the header for Lithuanian., Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry judu. (< *ju-du), Lua error in Module:descendants_tree at line 197: No Descendants section was found in the entry jūs.
- Old Prussian: tou, Old Prussian: tu, Old Prussian: ioūs
- Proto-Slavic: *ty
  - East Slavic:
    - Old East Slavic: ты (ty)
      - Belarusian: ты (ty)
      - Russian: ты (ty)
      - Carpathian Rusyn: ты (tŷ)
      - Ukrainian: ти (ty)
  - South Slavic:
    - Old Church Slavonic:
      Old Cyrillic script: тꙑ (ty)
      Glagolitic script: ⱅⱏⰺ (ty)
    - Bulgarian: ти (ti)
    - Macedonian: ти (ti)
    - Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic script: ти̑
      Latin script: tȋ
    - Slovene: tȋ (tonal orthography)
  - West Slavic:
    - Old Czech: ty
      - Czech: ty
    - Old Polish: ty
      - Masurian: ti
      - Polish: ty
      - Silesian: ty
    - Slovak: ty
    - Polabian: tåi
    - Pomeranian:
      - Kashubian: të
      - Slovincian: të
    - Sorbian:
      - Lower Sorbian: ty
      - Upper Sorbian: ty
  , Proto-Slavic: *vy
  - East Slavic:
    - Old East Slavic: вꙑ (vy)
      - Old Ruthenian: вы (vy)
        Belarusian: вы (vy)
        Carpathian Rusyn: вы (vŷ)
        Ukrainian: ви (vy)
      - Russian: вы (vy)
  - South Slavic:
    - Old Church Slavonic: вꙑ (vy)
    - Bulgarian: вие (vie) (re-formed by analogy)
    - Macedonian: вие (vie) (re-formed by analogy)
    - Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic script: ви̑
      Latin script: vȋ
    - Slovene: vȋ (tonal orthography)
  - West Slavic:
    - Old Czech: vy
      - Czech: vy
    - Old Polish: wy
      - Masurian: wi
      - Polish: wy
      - Silesian: wy
    - Slovak: vy
    - Pomeranian:
      - Kashubian: wë, Wë
      - Slovincian: wë
    - Sorbian:
      - Lower Sorbian: wy
      - Upper Sorbian: wy
  (< *wū), Proto-Slavic: *vy
  - East Slavic:
    - Old East Slavic: вꙑ (vy)
      - Old Ruthenian: вы (vy)
        Belarusian: вы (vy)
        Carpathian Rusyn: вы (vŷ)
        Ukrainian: ви (vy)
      - Russian: вы (vy)
  - South Slavic:
    - Old Church Slavonic: вꙑ (vy)
    - Bulgarian: вие (vie) (re-formed by analogy)
    - Macedonian: вие (vie) (re-formed by analogy)
    - Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic script: ви̑
      Latin script: vȋ
    - Slovene: vȋ (tonal orthography)
  - West Slavic:
    - Old Czech: vy
      - Czech: vy
    - Old Polish: wy
      - Masurian: wi
      - Polish: wy
      - Silesian: wy
    - Slovak: vy
    - Pomeranian:
      - Kashubian: wë, Wë
      - Slovincian: wë
    - Sorbian:
      - Lower Sorbian: wy
      - Upper Sorbian: wy
  (< *wūs) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic: *tū
- Brythonic: *ti
  - Breton: te
  - Cornish: ty
  - Welsh: ti
- Old Irish: tú
  - Irish: tú
  - Manx: oo
  - Scottish Gaelic: thu
- Gaulish: tu^[2]
, Proto-Celtic: *swīs
- Proto-Brythonic: *hwi
  - Old Breton: hui
    - Middle Breton: huy
      - Breton: c'hwi
  - Cornish: hwi, why
  - Old Welsh: hui
    - Welsh: chwi, chi
- Old Irish: síi, sí
- Gaulish: suis^[3]
(< *wēs-wēs) (see there for further descendants)
The time allocated for running scripts has expired., The time allocated for running scripts has expired., The time allocated for running scripts has expired. (see there for further descendants)
The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
- The time allocated for running scripts has expired., The time allocated for running scripts has expired. (< *se-bʰ(e)y), The time allocated for running scripts has expired. (< *usm-), The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
  - The time allocated for running scripts has expired., The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
The time allocated for running scripts has expired. (see there for further descendants)
The time allocated for running scripts has expired., The time allocated for running scripts has expired., The time allocated for running scripts has expired. (see there for further descendants)
Tocharian:
- The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
- The time allocated for running scripts has expired.

* The time allocated for running scripts has expired.[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
? The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
- The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
  - The time allocated for running scripts has expired.^[4]
- The time allocated for running scripts has expired.^[5] (see there for further descendants)
The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
- The time allocated for running scripts has expired.^[6]
  - The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
    Argolic Greek: The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
    
    Doric Greek: The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
- The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
  - The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
- The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
  - The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
  - The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
  - The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
  - The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
  - The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
? The time allocated for running scripts has expired.^[7]
- The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
  - The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
? The time allocated for running scripts has expired.^[7]
- The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
  - The time allocated for running scripts has expired.

Unsorted formations:
- The time allocated for running scripts has expired. (see there for further descendants)
- The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
- The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
- The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
- The time allocated for running scripts has expired. (see there for further descendants)
- The time allocated for running scripts has expired. (see there for further descendants)
- The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
- The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
- The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
- The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
- The time allocated for running scripts has expired.

Descendants[edit]

Armenian:
- The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
  - The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
The time allocated for running scripts has expired., The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
- The time allocated for running scripts has expired., The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
The time allocated for running scripts has expired.^[7]
The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
- The time allocated for running scripts has expired.,^[4] The time allocated for running scripts has expired., The time allocated for running scripts has expired., The time allocated for running scripts has expired., The time allocated for running scripts has expired., The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
The time allocated for running scripts has expired. (see there for further descendants)
The time allocated for running scripts has expired.,^[5] The time allocated for running scripts has expired., The time allocated for running scripts has expired., The time allocated for running scripts has expired., The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
- The time allocated for running scripts has expired., The time allocated for running scripts has expired., The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
  - The time allocated for running scripts has expired., The time allocated for running scripts has expired., The time allocated for running scripts has expired.

References[edit]

^ The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
^ https://digilib.phil.muni.cz/bitstream/handle/11222.digilib/114125/N_GraecoLatina_13-2008-1_4.pdf
^ https://digilib.phil.muni.cz/bitstream/handle/11222.digilib/114125/N_GraecoLatina_13-2008-1_4.pdf
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Cite error: The time allocated for running scripts has expired.Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Beekes
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Cite error: The time allocated for running scripts has expired.Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named de Vaan
^ The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 The time allocated for running scripts has expired.

[IEW-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “I. k̑leu-, k̑leu̯ə-, k̑lū-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 605-606

[Matasović-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*swe- ‘self, own’”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 361

[Beekes-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Beekes

[de_Vaan-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named de Vaan

[LIV-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*k̑leu̯-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 334-335

[Cheung-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*srau”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 356-357

[DV-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Template:R:itc:EDdesctree

[M-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*kli-nu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 208

[9] Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “quaj ~ quej”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 363

[10] Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 452

[11] Derksen, Rick (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 454

[12] Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 210–211

[13] Fortson, Benjamin W. (2010) Indo-european language and culture: an introduction, 2nd edition, Wiley, →ISBN, page 350

[14] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κλέος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 712-713

[15] Rolf Noyer (2000's) “Indo-Iranian”, in Proto-Indo-European Language and Society Indo-Iranian‎^[1]

[16] Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 374

[17] Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 378

[18] Kapović, Mate (2006) Reconstruction of Balto-Slavic personal pronouns with emphasis on accentuation‎^[2] (PhD dissertation), Zadar, Croatia: University of Zadar, page 159

[19] ttps://digilib.phil.muni.cz/bitstream/handle/11222.digilib/114125/N_GraecoLatina_13-2008-1_4.pdf

[20] ttps://digilib.phil.muni.cz/bitstream/handle/11222.digilib/114125/N_GraecoLatina_13-2008-1_4.pdf

[21] Schmutz, Christian; Haas, Walter. (2004). Senslerdeutsches Wörterbuch. 2nd edition, Freiburg: Paulusverlag.

[22] Altenhofen, Cléo Vilson. (1996). Hunsrückisch in Rio Grande do Sul: Ein Beitrag zur Beschreibung einer deutschbrasilianischen Dialektvarietät im Kontakt mit dem Portugiesischen. (Mainzer Studien zur Sprach- und Volksforschung 21.) Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.

[Besse-23] "ich". In: Besse, Maria. (2004). Britter Wörterbuch. Losheim am See: Verein für Heimatkunde in der Gemeinde Losheim am See.

[24] Online-Wörterbuch der Akademie för uns kölsche Sproch, Stichwort »ich« (URL).

[25] Kelz, Heinrich P. (1971). Phonologische Analyse des Pennsylvaniadeutschen. Hamburg: Buske.

[26] Buck, Carl (1904) A grammar of Oscan and Umbrian, Ginn & Co, page 139

[27] Buck, Carl (1904) A grammar of Oscan and Umbrian, Ginn & Co, page 140

[28] ttps://digilib.phil.muni.cz/bitstream/handle/11222.digilib/114125/N_GraecoLatina_13-2008-1_4.pdf

[29] ttps://digilib.phil.muni.cz/bitstream/handle/11222.digilib/114125/N_GraecoLatina_13-2008-1_4.pdf

[30] Howe, Stephen (1996) “14. Old/Middle Swedish”, in The Personal Pronouns in the Germanic Languages: A Study of Personal Pronoun Morphology and Change in the Germanic Languages from the First Records to the Present Day, Walter de Gruyter

[Matasović-31] 16.0 ^16.1 ^16.2 ^16.3 Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*swe- ‘self, own’”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 361

[Beekes-32] 17.0 ^17.1 ^17.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Beekes

[de_Vaan-33] 18.0 ^18.1 ^18.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named de Vaan

[34] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*swe- ‘self, own’”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 361

[35] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page ἴδιος of 577-578

[36] The time allocated for running scripts has expired.

[37] ttps://digilib.phil.muni.cz/bitstream/handle/11222.digilib/114125/N_GraecoLatina_13-2008-1_4.pdf

[38] ttps://digilib.phil.muni.cz/bitstream/handle/11222.digilib/114125/N_GraecoLatina_13-2008-1_4.pdf

[Beekes-39] 4.0 ^4.1 Cite error: The time allocated for running scripts has expired.Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Beekes

[de_Vaan-40] 5.0 ^5.1 Cite error: The time allocated for running scripts has expired.Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named de Vaan

[41] The time allocated for running scripts has expired.

[Matasović-42] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 The time allocated for running scripts has expired.

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User:Prahlad balaji/Sandbox4

Contents

section 1[edit]

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Root[edit]

Extensions[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

Further reading[edit]

References[edit]

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Reconstruction[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

Declension[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

References[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

* The time allocated for running scripts has expired.[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

References[edit]

Navigation menu

User:Prahlad balaji/Sandbox4

section 1[edit]

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Root[edit]

Extensions[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

Further reading[edit]

References[edit]

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Reconstruction[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

Declension[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

References[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

* The time allocated for running scripts has expired.[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

References[edit]

Navigation menu

Search